Human Geography Ch. 1 & 2 – Flashcards
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ethnic group
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group with shared cultural characteristics possibly extending from a common ancestral heritage or common origin point perceived to be a distinct community
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region
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territories that encompass many places, all or most of which share attributes different from the attributes of places elsewhere
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identity
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the sense that you make of yourself through your subjective feelings based on your everyday experiences and social relations
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physical geography
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deals with Earth's natural processes and their outcomes
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human geography
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deals with the spatial organization of human activities and with people's relationships to their environments
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regional geography
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concerned with the way that unique combinations of environmental and human factors produce territories with distinctive landscapes and cultural attributes
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remote sensing
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the collection of information about parts of Earth's surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave sensor systems
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map scale
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the ratio between linear distance on a map and linear distance on the Earth's surface
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thematic maps
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maps that are designed to represent the spatial dimensions of particular conditions, processes, or events
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social construction of space
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stuff that didn't exist before people (political boundaries, courts, parks, pollution)
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isoline
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a line that connects places of equal data value
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isopleth maps
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maps based on isolines
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map projection
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a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of features found on Earth's surface
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cartogram
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one particular kind of map projection used in small-scale thematic maps
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geographic information systems
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software that incorporates programs to store and access spatial data, manipulate those data, and to draw maps
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geodemographic research
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uses census data and commercial data about populations of small districts in creating profiles of those populations for market research
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spatial analysis
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the study of many geographic phenomena can be approached in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map
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latitude
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refers to the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes, and second north or south from the equator
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longitude
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refers to the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds east or west from the prime meridian
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immigration
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moving in to an area from somewhere
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emigration
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leaving an area
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push
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factors that would make you emigrate
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pull
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factors that attract you to a place
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state
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clearly and legally defined country delineated with boundaries generally agreed upon and recognized by other states in current global order/paradigm theoretically governed by central authority, theoretically representative of the majority of the people, within which theoretically has sovereignty over territory. UN recognizes them (but really its the US)
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global positioning system
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31 satellites that orbit Earth on precisely predictable paths, broadcasting highly accurate time and location information
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site
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the physical attributes of a location (terrain, soil, vegetation, and water sources)
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situation
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the location of a place relative to other places and human activites
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first law of geography
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everything is related to everything else but near things are more related than distance (Waldo Tobler)
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cognitive images
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psychological representations of locations that spring from people's individual ideas and impression of these locations
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cognitive distance
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distance that people perceive as existing in a given situation
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absolute location
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coordinates
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relative location
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where something is relative to something else
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absolute direction
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concept of North, South, East, and West
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relative direction
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same thing as relative location
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absolute distance
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measurable/quantifiable distance
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relative distance
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distance length distorted by accessibility (landscape, traffic)
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friction of distance
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reflection of the time and cost of overcoming distance
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distance-decay function
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describes that rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance
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utility
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the usefulness of a location to a particular person or group
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absolute space
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mathematical space described through points, lines, areas, planes, and configurations whose relationships can be fixed through mathematical reasoning
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topological space
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measured not in terms of conventional measures of distance, but by the nature and degrees of connectivity between locations
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socioeconomic space
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can be described in terms of sites and situations, routes, regions, and distribution patterns
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cultural space
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the space of people with common ties, described through the places, territories, and settings whose attributes carry special meaning for particular groups
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cognitive space
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defined and measured in terms of people's values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, districts, and regions
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accessibility
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defined by geographers in terms of relative location: the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location in relation to other locations
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spatial interaction
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shorthand for all kinds of movement and flows involving human activity
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4 types of spatial interaction
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complementary, transferability, intervening opportunity, and diffusion
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complementary
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specialization, demand for place complemented by another (oil from Saudi Arabia to the US is complementary, or cheap labor)
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transferability
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depends on frictional/deterrent effects of distant infrastructure
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intervening opportunity
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something that comes up unexpectedly that you can use to your advantage
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diffusion
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way things spread through space over time (expansion/contagion or hierarchical)
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economies of scale
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places, regions, and countries can derive economic advantages from the efficiencies created through specialization, which allows for larger-scale operations
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infrastructure
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canals, railways, harbor installations, roads, bridges, etc.
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time-space convergence
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the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs
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spatial diffusion
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the way that things spread through space and over time
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what are the four types of spatial diffusion
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expansion, relocation, hierarchical, stimulus
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expansion
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contagious, spread through proximity (city to suburbs)
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culture realm
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larger/broader than region and transcends boundaries (religion)
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culture trait
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single component of culture (example: chopsticks)
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culture wars
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those battles, rooted in ideology, religion, etc.
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culture complex
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multiple related culture traits (chopsticks + food + celebrations involving chopsticks)
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relocation
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culture moves elsewhere from original hearth (removed from hearth)
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hierarchical
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diffuses from top level to bottom
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stimulus
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practice changed by catalyst or by realization that it would be better with change
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regionalization
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the geographer's equivalent of scientific classification, with individual places or areal units being the objects of classification
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functional regions
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regions that share an overall coherence in structure and economic, political, and social organization
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regionalism
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a term used to describe situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with distinctive indentities coexist within the same state boundaries, often concentrated within a particular region and sharing strong feelings of collective identity
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sectionalism
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when feelings of collective identity develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs
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irredentism
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the assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal borders belongs to it historically and culturally
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core regions
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regions that dominate trade, control the most advances technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies
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peripheral regions
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regions characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
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semiperipheral regions
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able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions
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imperialism
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deliberate exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful states to advance and secure their national interests
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leadership cycles
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periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition
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hegemony
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domination over the world economy
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division of labor
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the specialization of different people, regions, and countries in certain kinds of economic activities
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comparative advantage
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specializations that do not duplicate or compete with the domestic suppliers within core countries
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ethnocentrism
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the attitude that one's own race and culture are superior to those of others
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environmental determinism
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a doctrine holding that human activities are shaped and constrained by the environment
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neocolonialism
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refers to economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people
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transnational corporations
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corporations with investments and activities that span international boundaries, with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries
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Gross Domestic Product
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is one of the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country's economy
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globalization
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the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic environmental, political, and cultural change
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commodity chains
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networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity
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climate change
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the change in climate as a result of human activity (in particular, our burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation
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sustainability
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the interdependence of the economy, the environment, and social well-being
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pandemic
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an epidemic that spreads rapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death
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risk society
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a society where the significance of wealthy distribution is being eclipsed by the distribution of risk and in which politics - both domestic and international - is increasingly about avoiding hazards
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resilience
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the ability of people, organizations, or systems to prepare for, respond, recover from and thrive in the face of hazards
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spatial justice
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the distribution of society's benefits and burdens at different spatial scales
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Jihad
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shorthand for cultural values that are underpinned by religious fundamentalism, traditional tribal allegiances, and opposition to Western materalism
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transgender
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the terms that refers to a person whose self-identity does not conform to conventional notions of the male or female gender
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culture
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a shared set of meanings that is lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life. a process. paradigm
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Paradigm
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Dominant School of Thought
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Paradigm Shift
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When challenger and thought changes
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cultural geography
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the way space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape
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folk/traditional culture
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the traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people with a simple lifestyle
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cultural landscape
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a characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interactions between a human group - with its own practices, preferences, values, and aspirations - and its natural environment
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popular culture
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viewed by some cultural geographers as the practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often heterogeneous and change frequently. what's trending
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historical geography
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the geography of the past
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genre de vie
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a functionally organized way of life characteristic of a particular culture group
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cultural trait
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a single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group
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rite of passage
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acts, customs, practices, or procedures that recognize key transitions in human life
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cultural complex
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the combination of traits characteristic of a particular group
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intersectionality
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a recognition of the ways that different forms or systems of oppression, domination, or discrimination overlap
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ethnicity
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a socially created system of rules about who belongs to a particular group based upon actual or perceived commonalities
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race
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a problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics
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racialization
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the practice of creating unequal castes based on the norm of whiteness
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white privilege
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advantages that accrue to white people beyond what is commonly experience by people of color
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white supremacy
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the belief that white people are superior to other races
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disability
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a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities
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children's geographies
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the spaces and places of the lives of youth and children
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language
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a means of communicating ideas or feelings by way of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulate vocal sounds
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dialects
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features pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary that are placed-based
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standard language
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the language made in government offices, courts, schools, etc.
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official language
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defined by government
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fusion language
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a language influenced by many other languages
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pigeon language
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accumulated/mixture of many languages, usually one base language with many infused in
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creole
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1st language spoken by new population
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Lingua Franca
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Language that is accepted as common language between people whose native language is different, may not be spoken by many people there but used to unify people (ex: English in India vs. Hindi)
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language family
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a collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistoric origin
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language branch
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a collection of languages that possesses a definite common origin but have split into individual languages
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language group
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a cluster of individual languages that are part of a language branch, have shared a common origin in the recent past, and have relatively similar grammar and vocabulary
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language tree
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a representation of the relationships of languages to each other
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proto-languages
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common languages
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linguistic drift
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a process of random change inherent to all languages
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mother tongue
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a language that a person has learned from birth or the first few years of life
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mutually intelligible
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when speakers of different but related varieties of languages are able to understand each other, the languages are considered this
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linguistic weathering
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the notion that words "wear out"
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place names
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names that are a living record of the previous occupants of a place and their ways of doing things (Meatpacking District)
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lingua franca
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a common language among speakers whose native languages are different
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religions
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belief systems and sets of practices that incorporate the idea of a power higher than humans
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organized religions
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when belief systems and associated rituals are systematically arranged and formally established
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societal value systems
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common beliefs, understandings, traditions, expectations, controls that unite
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Classifications of religions
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1.Universalizing (proselytizing-actively spreads faith and gets members) 2.Ethnic (based on ethnicity) 3.Tribal/Specialized/Localized ethnic 4. Secularism
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disapora
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the spatial dispersion of a previously homogeneous group
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Islam
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an Arabic term that means "submission" (specifically submission to God's will)
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Muslim
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a member of the community of believers whose duty is obedience and submission to the will of God
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established churches
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recognized by law as the official church of the state
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cults
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systems of veneration and devotion among a relatively small group of people having beliefs or practices regarded by outsiders as weird or sinister
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cargo cults
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cults that involve the belief that certain ritualistic acts will lead to a bestowing of material wealth
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cultural rationalism
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an effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impact of globalization
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Islamism
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an anticolonial, anti-imperial political movement
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sacred spaces
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physical settings recognized by individuals or groups as worthy of special attention
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hajj
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the obligatory once in a lifetime journey of Muslims to Mecca
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nation
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people
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nationality
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self proclaimed identity with a nation
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citizenship
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legal designation of governemtn
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politicized culture group
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different than a nation - when you accept the political ideology of the nation, often through self rule or desire
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nation state
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where state/polity/territory inhabited by a significant majority of people who identify with the nation
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region
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- human created (bias) - flexible (no perfect borders) - must have location, spatial extent, and boundaries - based on commonalities - may encompass any scale (small to large) - may be hierarchically arranged
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topological space
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measured by nature and degree of connectivity between locations
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maps
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- created by humans and subject to bias - all are distorted - representative of select earth's features - use symbols (point, line, area, isolines, isobars, isotherns, and contour lines)
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isotherns
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connect areas of equal temperature
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isobars
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connect areas of equal pressure
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contour lines
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connect areas of equal elevation
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landscape
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physical, human (can change phyiscal by adding infrastructure), or combination
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3 Groupings of Culture Practice
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1. Tech Subsystem 2. Sociological Subsystem 3. Ideological Subsystem
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Tech Subsytem
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-Material Objects: artifacts -Procedures for their use
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Sociological Subsystem
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-Behavioral norms - greetings, manners, marital norms - How to interact socially - Social institutions/structures -sociofact (term used to describe how cultural traits take on a life of their own, spanning over generations)
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Ideological Subsytem
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-ideas, beliefs, values, knowledge -mentifacts (mindfacts such as democracy or confucianism)
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Anglos (Quebec)
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English speaking, protestant, Brit descendants, majority of Canada population
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Cree (Quebec)
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1st nation (Native/Indigenous) Significant territory in N.Quebec resource-rich & hydro-electric potential (powerful rapids)
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Inuit (Quebec)
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Precede Anglos and French
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Rapidly Increasing Immigration Population
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-Settling in cities/metro areas (esp. Montreal) -Publicized and language -Immigrant policy = open. young minority needed in order to reproduce, for benefits, & tax base -Balance people coming in with existing population -To preserve language migrants turn to private English schools
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Franco Independence
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-Feel oppressed by Anglo-Canadian majority -Fear decline of culture/loss of language
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1960s Quiet Revolution
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-Provincial Government garnered power -Created many social departments -Nationalism and economy grew -Left Montreal for Toronto because of Bill 101
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Parti Quebecois
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-1968 -Championed French Quebec identity
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Bill 22
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-1974 -French official language of province
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Bill 101
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-1977 -French only language allowed on community signs, restrictions on English language, education in public schools, english speaking families versus immigrants, angered businesses
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Visha
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clans or tribes
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Vaishya
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what people became known as collectively
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women pre-caste
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enjoyed higher rights/freedoms (unfortunately)
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4 castes
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1. Brahmins 2. Kshatriya 3. Vaishya 4. Shudra
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What is not included in caste system
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Untouchables
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caste
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birth-related entity that couldn't change (unless through demotion)
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Dalit
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Untouchables (modern)
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Jat
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Everyone else (modern)
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suttee/sati
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widow suicide when husband died
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