question

place

answer

specific geographic settings with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes

question

innovation

answer

create something new, a distinctive change (taking a space and making it your place)

question

genocide

answer

attempt to physically eliminate a group of people, (ethnic, national, or racial) through the murder of group members

question

ethnic cleansing

answer

attempt to eliminate an ethnic group from a territory through killing or forced migration

question

ethnic group

answer

group with shared cultural characteristics possibly extending from a common ancestral heritage or common origin point perceived to be a distinct community

question

region

answer

territories that encompass many places, all or most of which share attributes different from the attributes of places elsewhere

question

identity

answer

the sense that you make of yourself through your subjective feelings based on your everyday experiences and social relations

question

physical geography

answer

deals with Earth's natural processes and their outcomes

question

human geography

answer

deals with the spatial organization of human activities and with people's relationships to their environments

question

regional geography

answer

concerned with the way that unique combinations of environmental and human factors produce territories with distinctive landscapes and cultural attributes

question

remote sensing

answer

the collection of information about parts of Earth's surface by means of aerial photography or satellite imagery designed to record data on visible, infrared, and microwave sensor systems

question

map scale

answer

the ratio between linear distance on a map and linear distance on the Earth's surface

question

thematic maps

answer

maps that are designed to represent the spatial dimensions of particular conditions, processes, or events

question

social construction of space

answer

stuff that didn't exist before people (political boundaries, courts, parks, pollution)

question

isoline

answer

a line that connects places of equal data value

question

isopleth maps

answer

maps based on isolines

question

map projection

answer

a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of features found on Earth's surface

question

cartogram

answer

one particular kind of map projection used in small-scale thematic maps

question

geographic information systems

answer

software that incorporates programs to store and access spatial data, manipulate those data, and to draw maps

question

geodemographic research

answer

uses census data and commercial data about populations of small districts in creating profiles of those populations for market research

question

spatial analysis

answer

the study of many geographic phenomena can be approached in terms of their arrangement as points, lines, areas, or surfaces on a map

question

latitude

answer

refers to the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface, measured in degrees, minutes, and second north or south from the equator

question

longitude

answer

refers to the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds east or west from the prime meridian

question

immigration

answer

moving in to an area from somewhere

question

emigration

answer

leaving an area

question

push

answer

factors that would make you emigrate

question

pull

answer

factors that attract you to a place

question

state

answer

clearly and legally defined country delineated with boundaries generally agreed upon and recognized by other states in current global order/paradigm theoretically governed by central authority, theoretically representative of the majority of the people, within which theoretically has sovereignty over territory. UN recognizes them (but really its the US)

question

global positioning system

answer

31 satellites that orbit Earth on precisely predictable paths, broadcasting highly accurate time and location information

question

site

answer

the physical attributes of a location (terrain, soil, vegetation, and water sources)

question

situation

answer

the location of a place relative to other places and human activites

question

first law of geography

answer

everything is related to everything else but near things are more related than distance (Waldo Tobler)

question

cognitive images

answer

psychological representations of locations that spring from people's individual ideas and impression of these locations

question

cognitive distance

answer

distance that people perceive as existing in a given situation

question

absolute location

answer

coordinates

question

relative location

answer

where something is relative to something else

question

absolute direction

answer

concept of North, South, East, and West

question

relative direction

answer

same thing as relative location

question

absolute distance

answer

measurable/quantifiable distance

question

relative distance

answer

distance length distorted by accessibility (landscape, traffic)

question

friction of distance

answer

reflection of the time and cost of overcoming distance

question

distance-decay function

answer

describes that rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance

question

utility

answer

the usefulness of a location to a particular person or group

question

absolute space

answer

mathematical space described through points, lines, areas, planes, and configurations whose relationships can be fixed through mathematical reasoning

question

topological space

answer

measured not in terms of conventional measures of distance, but by the nature and degrees of connectivity between locations

question

socioeconomic space

answer

can be described in terms of sites and situations, routes, regions, and distribution patterns

question

cultural space

answer

the space of people with common ties, described through the places, territories, and settings whose attributes carry special meaning for particular groups

question

cognitive space

answer

defined and measured in terms of people's values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, districts, and regions

question

accessibility

answer

defined by geographers in terms of relative location: the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location in relation to other locations

question

spatial interaction

answer

shorthand for all kinds of movement and flows involving human activity

question

4 types of spatial interaction

answer

complementary, transferability, intervening opportunity, and diffusion

question

complementary

answer

specialization, demand for place complemented by another (oil from Saudi Arabia to the US is complementary, or cheap labor)

question

transferability

answer

depends on frictional/deterrent effects of distant infrastructure

question

intervening opportunity

answer

something that comes up unexpectedly that you can use to your advantage

question

diffusion

answer

way things spread through space over time (expansion/contagion or hierarchical)

question

economies of scale

answer

places, regions, and countries can derive economic advantages from the efficiencies created through specialization, which allows for larger-scale operations

question

infrastructure

answer

canals, railways, harbor installations, roads, bridges, etc.

question

time-space convergence

answer

the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs

question

spatial diffusion

answer

the way that things spread through space and over time

question

what are the four types of spatial diffusion

answer

expansion, relocation, hierarchical, stimulus

question

expansion

answer

contagious, spread through proximity (city to suburbs)

question

culture realm

answer

larger/broader than region and transcends boundaries (religion)

question

culture trait

answer

single component of culture (example: chopsticks)

question

culture wars

answer

those battles, rooted in ideology, religion, etc.

question

culture complex

answer

multiple related culture traits (chopsticks + food + celebrations involving chopsticks)

question

relocation

answer

culture moves elsewhere from original hearth (removed from hearth)

question

hierarchical

answer

diffuses from top level to bottom

question

stimulus

answer

practice changed by catalyst or by realization that it would be better with change

question

regionalization

answer

the geographer's equivalent of scientific classification, with individual places or areal units being the objects of classification

question

functional regions

answer

regions that share an overall coherence in structure and economic, political, and social organization

question

regionalism

answer

a term used to describe situations in which different religious or ethnic groups with distinctive indentities coexist within the same state boundaries, often concentrated within a particular region and sharing strong feelings of collective identity

question

sectionalism

answer

when feelings of collective identity develop into an extreme devotion to regional interests and customs

question

irredentism

answer

the assertion by the government of a country that a minority living outside its formal borders belongs to it historically and culturally

question

core regions

answer

regions that dominate trade, control the most advances technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies

question

peripheral regions

answer

regions characterized by dependent and disadvantageous trading relationships, by primitive or obsolescent technologies, and by undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity

question

semiperipheral regions

answer

able to exploit peripheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions

question

imperialism

answer

deliberate exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful states to advance and secure their national interests

question

leadership cycles

answer

periods of international power established by individual states through economic, political, and military competition

question

hegemony

answer

domination over the world economy

question

division of labor

answer

the specialization of different people, regions, and countries in certain kinds of economic activities

question

comparative advantage

answer

specializations that do not duplicate or compete with the domestic suppliers within core countries

question

ethnocentrism

answer

the attitude that one's own race and culture are superior to those of others

question

environmental determinism

answer

a doctrine holding that human activities are shaped and constrained by the environment

question

neocolonialism

answer

refers to economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people

question

transnational corporations

answer

corporations with investments and activities that span international boundaries, with subsidiary companies, factories, offices, or facilities in several countries

question

Gross Domestic Product

answer

is one of the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country's economy

question

globalization

answer

the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic environmental, political, and cultural change

question

commodity chains

answer

networks of labor and production processes that originate in the extraction or production of raw materials and whose end result is the delivery and consumption of a finished commodity

question

climate change

answer

the change in climate as a result of human activity (in particular, our burning fossil fuels, agriculture, and deforestation

question

sustainability

answer

the interdependence of the economy, the environment, and social well-being

question

pandemic

answer

an epidemic that spreads rapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death

question

risk society

answer

a society where the significance of wealthy distribution is being eclipsed by the distribution of risk and in which politics - both domestic and international - is increasingly about avoiding hazards

question

resilience

answer

the ability of people, organizations, or systems to prepare for, respond, recover from and thrive in the face of hazards

question

spatial justice

answer

the distribution of society's benefits and burdens at different spatial scales

question

Jihad

answer

shorthand for cultural values that are underpinned by religious fundamentalism, traditional tribal allegiances, and opposition to Western materalism

question

transgender

answer

the terms that refers to a person whose self-identity does not conform to conventional notions of the male or female gender

question

culture

answer

a shared set of meanings that is lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life. a process. paradigm

question

Paradigm

answer

Dominant School of Thought

question

Paradigm Shift

answer

When challenger and thought changes

question

cultural geography

answer

the way space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape

question

folk/traditional culture

answer

the traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people with a simple lifestyle

question

cultural landscape

answer

a characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interactions between a human group - with its own practices, preferences, values, and aspirations - and its natural environment

question

popular culture

answer

viewed by some cultural geographers as the practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often heterogeneous and change frequently. what's trending

question

historical geography

answer

the geography of the past

question

genre de vie

answer

a functionally organized way of life characteristic of a particular culture group

question

cultural trait

answer

a single aspect of the complex of routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group

question

rite of passage

answer

acts, customs, practices, or procedures that recognize key transitions in human life

question

cultural complex

answer

the combination of traits characteristic of a particular group

question

intersectionality

answer

a recognition of the ways that different forms or systems of oppression, domination, or discrimination overlap

question

ethnicity

answer

a socially created system of rules about who belongs to a particular group based upon actual or perceived commonalities

question

race

answer

a problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics

question

racialization

answer

the practice of creating unequal castes based on the norm of whiteness

question

white privilege

answer

advantages that accrue to white people beyond what is commonly experience by people of color

question

white supremacy

answer

the belief that white people are superior to other races

question

disability

answer

a physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities

question

children's geographies

answer

the spaces and places of the lives of youth and children

question

language

answer

a means of communicating ideas or feelings by way of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or articulate vocal sounds

question

dialects

answer

features pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary that are placed-based

question

standard language

answer

the language made in government offices, courts, schools, etc.

question

official language

answer

defined by government

question

fusion language

answer

a language influenced by many other languages

question

pigeon language

answer

accumulated/mixture of many languages, usually one base language with many infused in

question

creole

answer

1st language spoken by new population

question

Lingua Franca

answer

Language that is accepted as common language between people whose native language is different, may not be spoken by many people there but used to unify people (ex: English in India vs. Hindi)

question

language family

answer

a collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistoric origin

question

language branch

answer

a collection of languages that possesses a definite common origin but have split into individual languages

question

language group

answer

a cluster of individual languages that are part of a language branch, have shared a common origin in the recent past, and have relatively similar grammar and vocabulary

question

language tree

answer

a representation of the relationships of languages to each other

question

proto-languages

answer

common languages

question

linguistic drift

answer

a process of random change inherent to all languages

question

mother tongue

answer

a language that a person has learned from birth or the first few years of life

question

mutually intelligible

answer

when speakers of different but related varieties of languages are able to understand each other, the languages are considered this

question

linguistic weathering

answer

the notion that words "wear out"

question

place names

answer

names that are a living record of the previous occupants of a place and their ways of doing things (Meatpacking District)

question

lingua franca

answer

a common language among speakers whose native languages are different

question

religions

answer

belief systems and sets of practices that incorporate the idea of a power higher than humans

question

organized religions

answer

when belief systems and associated rituals are systematically arranged and formally established

question

societal value systems

answer

common beliefs, understandings, traditions, expectations, controls that unite

question

Classifications of religions

answer

1.Universalizing (proselytizing-actively spreads faith and gets members) 2.Ethnic (based on ethnicity) 3.Tribal/Specialized/Localized ethnic 4. Secularism

question

disapora

answer

the spatial dispersion of a previously homogeneous group

question

Islam

answer

an Arabic term that means "submission" (specifically submission to God's will)

question

Muslim

answer

a member of the community of believers whose duty is obedience and submission to the will of God

question

established churches

answer

recognized by law as the official church of the state

question

cults

answer

systems of veneration and devotion among a relatively small group of people having beliefs or practices regarded by outsiders as weird or sinister

question

cargo cults

answer

cults that involve the belief that certain ritualistic acts will lead to a bestowing of material wealth

question

cultural rationalism

answer

an effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impact of globalization

question

Islamism

answer

an anticolonial, anti-imperial political movement

question

sacred spaces

answer

physical settings recognized by individuals or groups as worthy of special attention

question

hajj

answer

the obligatory once in a lifetime journey of Muslims to Mecca

question

nation

answer

people

question

nationality

answer

self proclaimed identity with a nation

question

citizenship

answer

legal designation of governemtn

question

politicized culture group

answer

different than a nation - when you accept the political ideology of the nation, often through self rule or desire

question

nation state

answer

where state/polity/territory inhabited by a significant majority of people who identify with the nation

question

region

answer

- human created (bias) - flexible (no perfect borders) - must have location, spatial extent, and boundaries - based on commonalities - may encompass any scale (small to large) - may be hierarchically arranged

question

topological space

answer

measured by nature and degree of connectivity between locations

question

maps

answer

- created by humans and subject to bias - all are distorted - representative of select earth's features - use symbols (point, line, area, isolines, isobars, isotherns, and contour lines)

question

isotherns

answer

connect areas of equal temperature

question

isobars

answer

connect areas of equal pressure

question

contour lines

answer

connect areas of equal elevation

question

landscape

answer

physical, human (can change phyiscal by adding infrastructure), or combination

question

3 Groupings of Culture Practice

answer

1. Tech Subsystem 2. Sociological Subsystem 3. Ideological Subsystem

question

Tech Subsytem

answer

-Material Objects: artifacts -Procedures for their use

question

Sociological Subsystem

answer

-Behavioral norms - greetings, manners, marital norms - How to interact socially - Social institutions/structures -sociofact (term used to describe how cultural traits take on a life of their own, spanning over generations)

question

Ideological Subsytem

answer

-ideas, beliefs, values, knowledge -mentifacts (mindfacts such as democracy or confucianism)

question

Anglos (Quebec)

answer

English speaking, protestant, Brit descendants, majority of Canada population

question

Cree (Quebec)

answer

1st nation (Native/Indigenous) Significant territory in N.Quebec resource-rich & hydro-electric potential (powerful rapids)

question

Inuit (Quebec)

answer

Precede Anglos and French

question

Rapidly Increasing Immigration Population

answer

-Settling in cities/metro areas (esp. Montreal) -Publicized and language -Immigrant policy = open. young minority needed in order to reproduce, for benefits, & tax base -Balance people coming in with existing population -To preserve language migrants turn to private English schools

question

Franco Independence

answer

-Feel oppressed by Anglo-Canadian majority -Fear decline of culture/loss of language

question

1960s Quiet Revolution

answer

-Provincial Government garnered power -Created many social departments -Nationalism and economy grew -Left Montreal for Toronto because of Bill 101

question

Parti Quebecois

answer

-1968 -Championed French Quebec identity

question

Bill 22

answer

-1974 -French official language of province

question

Bill 101

answer

-1977 -French only language allowed on community signs, restrictions on English language, education in public schools, english speaking families versus immigrants, angered businesses

question

Visha

answer

clans or tribes

question

Vaishya

answer

what people became known as collectively

question

women pre-caste

answer

enjoyed higher rights/freedoms (unfortunately)

question

4 castes

answer

1. Brahmins 2. Kshatriya 3. Vaishya 4. Shudra

question

What is not included in caste system

answer

Untouchables

question

caste

answer

birth-related entity that couldn't change (unless through demotion)

question

Dalit

answer

Untouchables (modern)

question

Jat

answer

Everyone else (modern)

question

suttee/sati

answer

widow suicide when husband died

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