Human geo Chapter 5 – Language – Flashcards
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dialect
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a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation -form of language spoken in a local area
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extinct language
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a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used
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ideograms
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the system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English -what the Chinese language is written in
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isogloss
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a boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
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isolated language
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a language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family
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language branch
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a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family
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language
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a system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
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language group
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a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
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language family
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a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
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lingua franca
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a language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
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literary tradition
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a language that is written as well as spoken
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official language
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the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
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pidgin language
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a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
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standard language
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the form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications
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toponym
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the name given to a portion of Earth's surface
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language branch
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a group of languages that share a common origin but have since evolved into individual languages
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language family
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a group of languages that share a common ancestor before recorded history
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Sino-Tibetan
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the second largest language family (Indo-European is the first largest)
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when languages are shown as leaves on trees, the trunks represent
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language families
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Germanic invaders of England included the
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Angles, Jutes, and Saxons -did not include the Normans
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the first speakers of the language that evolved into English were tribes living in
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Denmark
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English is part of which language group?
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West Germanic
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English is part of which language branch?
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Germanic
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English is part of which language family?
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Indo-European
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Icelandic has changed less than any other Germanic language because
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it was isolated
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which is not a Romance language?
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Bulgarian - all Romance languages descended from Latin - the four most important are: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian
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Vulgar Latin
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the language spoken by Roman soldiers stationed throughout Europe -aka common Latin
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a creole language
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is a mix of indigenous and colonial languages
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Walloons and Flemings
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live in Belgium -speak languages belonging to different branches
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official languages in Switzerland include
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German, French, Italian, Romansh -does not include Flemish
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Urdu
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most important language of Pakistan
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Russia is part of which language branch?
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Baltic-Slavic
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recent evidence points to the first speakers of Indo-European language as being
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ancient Kurgans
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Basque is spoken primarily in
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the Pyrenees Mountains (northern Spain, southwestern France)
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Mandarin
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is the language spoken by the greatest number of people in the world
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Hebrew is an example of
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a revived language
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Uralic
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the second most widely spoken language family in Europe
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Niger-Congo
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the most important language family in Sub-Saharan Africa
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immigrants to which colonies had the most diverse backgrounds?
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Mid-Atlantic colonies
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Franglais
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the use of English in the French language
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the world's most important language branches:
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Northwest - Germanic Southwest - Romance Eastern - Baltic-Slavic (??)
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what is the official language in northern Belgium?
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Flemish / Dutch
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what is the official language in southern Belgium?
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French
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what is the most important language family in South America?
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Ind-European
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what is the most important language branch in South America?
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Romance
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what are the most important individual languages in South America?
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Spanish and Portuguese
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Celtic languages
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family: Indo-European branch: Celtic two groups: Brittanic and Gaulish
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languages in the Brittanic group
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Welsh (Wales) Cornish (Cornwall - southwest England) Breton (Bretagne - northwest France)
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languages in the Gaulish group
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Scottish Gaelic (Scotland) Irish Gaelic (Ireland) Max (Isle of Man - between Scotland and Ireland)
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historically, Celtic languages have been threatened by
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invasions by the Romans, Vikings, Normans, Saxons, Jutes, and Angles who forced their own languages on those already there
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today, Celtic languages are threatened by
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English, which is the language of commerce -further from cities (on the edges of the countries) is most where Celtic languages are spoken
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people are attempting to preserve Celtic languages through
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isolation of the language (??)
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people are attempting to promote Celtic languages by
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teaching it in schools, using it on road signs, and broadcasting sports games in it
