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1) X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's

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skeletal age.

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2) EEG and fMRI measures of neural activity in various cortical regions reveal

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especially rapid growth from early to middle childhood in the frontal lobe.

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3) _______ may profoundly affect handedness.

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B) Prenatal events

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4) Fibers linking the __________ to the __________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination.

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cerebellum; cerebral cortex

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5) Casey suffered damage to his cerebellum. Casey will most likely display both _______ and __________ deficits.

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B) motor; cognitive

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6) The ___________, located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

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D) pituitary gland

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7) ____________ is necessary for development of all body tissues except the central nervous system and the genitals.

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Growth hormone

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8) Thyroid-stimulating hormone prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have its full impact on body size.

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thyroxine

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9) Four-year-old Erin is a picky eater. How can Erin's parents encourage her to eat a new food?

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B) Repeatedly expose her to the new food without any direct pressure to eat it.

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10) _______________ are strongly associated with childhood injury.

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B) Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education

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11) Piaget acknowledged that ________ is a child's most flexible means of mental representation.

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language

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12) In early pretending, toddlers use

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A) only realistic objects.

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13) Contemporary researchers believe that make-believe play

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B) not only reflects, but also contributes to, children's cognitive and social skills.

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14) According to Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is

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egocentrism

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15) The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions, is called

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) animistic thinking

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16) According to Piaget, magical thinking is common during the preschool years because

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C) young children egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events.

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17) Three-year-old Will brings all of his action figures to preschool for show-and-tell because he does not want any of them to feel bad if they are left behind at home. Will is demonstrating

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animistic thinking

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18) ______________ refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

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Conservation

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19) Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating

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an inability to conserve

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20) Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.

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centration

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21) The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its

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irreversibility

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22) Preoperational children have difficulty with ________________, which involves the organization of objects into groups based on similarities and differences.

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hierarchical classification

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23) After putting on a Halloween mask and looking at her reflection in a mirror, 3-year-old Maggi is frightened. This is probably because Maggi

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C) has a fragile understanding of the appearance-reality distinction.

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24) Piaget called children's self-directed utterances _________ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others.

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egocentric

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25) According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years

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D) helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks.

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26) Research shows that children more often use private speech when

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C) tasks are appropriately challenging and they are confused about how to proceed.

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27) According to Vygotsky, a parent engages in _______ when he adjusts the support offered to the child during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance.

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scaffolding

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28) Consistent with Vygotsky's ideas, research shows that ______________ predict(s) gains in children's thinking.

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adult cognitive support

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29) _____________ refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication.

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Guided participation

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30) Which of the following is true about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan?

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When parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively

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31) General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation are known as

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scripts

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32) Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called

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emergent literacy.

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33) Which of the following is supported by research on child care?

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D) Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development.

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34) Research shows that children can connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter, a process called

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B) fast-mapping.

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35) Two-year-old Aidan says, "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating

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overregularization

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36) The practical, social side of language is called

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B) pragmatics.

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37) In addition to the cerebral cortex, which other parts of the brain make strides during early childhood? Identify the applicable brain structures, and discuss their impact on development.

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At the rear and base of the brain is the cerebellum, a structure that aids in balance and control of body movement. Fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination. By the end of the preschool years, children can play hopscotch, throw a ball with a well-coordinated movement, and print letters of the alphabet. Connections between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex also support thinking. Children with damage to the cerebellum usually display both motor and cognitive deficits, including problems with memory, planning, and language. The corpus callosum is a large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. Production of synapses and myelination of the corpus callosum peak between 3 and 6 years, then continue more slowly through adolescence. The corpus callosum supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body and integration of many aspects of thinking, including perception, attention, memory, language, and problem solving. The more complex the task, the more essential is communication between the hemispheres.

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38) Discuss how adults can support language development in early childhood.

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Sensitive, caring adults can use techniques that promote early language skills. When children use words incorrectly, parents can give helpful, explicit feedback without overcorrecting. Criticism discourages children from freely using language in ways that lead to new skills. Instead, parents can offer subtle, indirect feedback about grammar though two techniques: recasts and expansions. Recasts are adult responses that restructure a child's incorrect speech into appropriate form. Expansions are adult responses that elaborate on children's speech, increasing its complexity. Expansions and recasts highlight the difference between a missing grammatical structure in the child's utterance and an adult sentence containing it.

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