question

reflexes

answer

unlearned responses that are triggered by a specific form of stimulation

question

yes

answer

do babies who practice the stepping reflex often learn to walk earlier?

question

withdrawl reflex

answer

infants with damage to the sciatic nerve do not show the (blank) reflex

question

babinski reflex

answer

infants who have problems with the lower part of the spine do not show the (blank) reflex

question

apgar score

answer

provides a quick, approximate assessment of the newborn's status focusing on the body systems needed to sustain life

question

1. breathing 2. heartbeat 3. muscle tone 4. presence of reflexes 5. skin tone

answer

the apgar score assesses what 5 things?

question

-7 -4 to 6 -3

answer

each of the five vital signs assessed on the apgar score recieves a score of 0, 1, or 2 - with 2 being optimal -when the five scores are added together a total score of (#) or more indicates that the baby is in good physical condition -score of (# - #) means newborn needs special attention and care -score of (#) or less signals a life-threatening situation

question

Neonatal Behavorial Assessment Scale (NBAS)

answer

for a comprehensive evaluation of the newborn's well being, doctors sometimes administer what?

question

Neonatal Behavorial Assessment Scale

answer

this is used with newborns to 2-month-olds to provide a detailed portrait of the baby's behavioral repertorie

question

behavorial - reflexes

answer

the neonatal behavorial assessment scale includes 28 (blank) items along with 18 items that test (blank)

question

1. autonomic: ability to control body functions 2. motor: ability to control body movements and activity level 3. state: ability to maintain a state 4. social: ability to interact with people

answer

the babys performance on the NBAS is used to evaluate the functioning of what four systems?

question

babinski

answer

which reflex? baby's toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe

question

moro

answer

which reflex? baby throws its arm out and then inward in response to loud noises or when its head falls

question

palmar

answer

which reflex? baby grasps an object palced in the palm of its hand

question

rooting

answer

which reflex? when a baby's cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth

question

stepping

answer

which reflex? a baby who is held upright by an adult and is then moved forward begins to step

question

f.y.i

answer

researchers use scores on the NBAS to predict later development

question

1. alert inactivity 2. waking activity 3. crying 4. sleeping

answer

newborns spend most of each day alternating among what four states?

question

alert inactivity

answer

state in which a baby is calm with eyes open and attentive; the baby seems to be deliberately inspecting the environment

question

waking activity

answer

state in which a baby's eyes are open but seem unfocused while the arms or legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion

question

crying

answer

state in which a baby cries vigorously, usually accompanied by agitated but uncoorinated movement

question

sleeping

answer

state in which a baby alternates from being still and breathing regularly to mocing gently and breathing irregularly; the eyes are closed throughout

question

2 to 3 hours

answer

newborns spend how many hours each day crying?

question

1. basic cry 2. mad cry 3. pain cry

answer

what are the three types of crying?

question

basic cry

answer

cry that starts softly and gradually becomes more intense; often heard when babies are hungry or tired

question

mad cry

answer

more intense version of a basic cry

question

pain cry

answer

cry that begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping

question

f.y.i

answer

if parent respond immediately, EVERY TIME their infant cries, the result may well be a fussy whiny baby - instead, parents need to consider why their infant is crying and the intensity of the crying

question

true

answer

true or false: crying is a newborns first attempt to communicate with others

question

16 to 18 hours

answer

how many hours a day do newborns sleep?

question

4 awake for an hour, sleep for 3 hours

answer

newborns go through a cycle of wakefulness and sleep about every (#) hours

question

5 to 6 hours 10 to 12 hours

answer

by 3 or 4 months, many babies sleep for (# to #) hours straight - by 6 months sleep (# to #) hour at night

question

f.y.i.

answer

by 6 months, most north american infants are sleeping in a crib in their own room

question

no, research provides no evidence

answer

true or false: does co-sleeping make children more dependent on their parents?

question

REM sleep (irregular or rapid-eye-movement)

answer

roughly half of newborns' sleep is (blank) sleep, a time when the body is quite active

question

regular (nonREM) sleep

answer

sleep in which heart rate, breathing, and braina ctivity are steady

question

f.y.i

answer

REM sleep becomes less frequent as infants grow by 4 months only - 40% of sleep is REM sleep by first birthday - 25%

question

13

answer

2 year olds spend about (#) hours sleeping

question

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

answer

when a healthy baby dies suddenly for no apparent reason

question

1 to 3 2 to 4

answer

approx. (# to #) of every 1,000 american babies dies from SIDS most of them are between (# and #) months of age

question

1. premature 2. low birth weight 3. sleeping on stomach 4. winter 5. overheated by too many blankets of clothing

answer

name some risk factors for SIDS:

question

true

answer

true or false: african american infants are twice as likely to die from SIDS

question

temperament

answer

consistent style or pattern of behavior

question

1. surgency/extroversion: refers to the extent to which a child is generally happy, active, vocal, and regularly seeks interesting stimulation 2. negative affect: refers to the extent to which a childd is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, and not easily soothed 3. effortful control: refers to the extent to which a child can focus attention, is not readily distracted, and can inhibt responses

answer

mary rothbart devised a theory of temperament that includes three different dimensions:

question

f.y.i

answer

dimensions of temperament emerge in infancy, continue into childhood, and are related to dimensions of personality that are found in adolescence and adulthood

question

heredity and experience

answer

temperament reflects what two things?

question

negative effect

answer

the impact of heredity also depends on the temperamental dimension and the child's age - (blank) is more influenced by heredity then the other dimensions, and temperament in childhood is more influences by heredity then is temperament in infancy

question

emotional fearful and emotionally negative

answer

some temperamental charaacteristics are more common in some cultures - asian babies tend to be less (blank) than european american babies russian babies are more (blank) and (blank)

question

true

answer

true or false: temperament may make some children particularly susceptible to environmental influences

question

yes - but its not a "sure thing", its more of a predisposition

answer

is temperament moderately stable throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescnece?

question

true

answer

true or false: an infants temperament may determine the experiences that parents provide

question

double - triple

answer

infants (blank) their birth weight by 3 months of age and (blank) it by their first birthday

question

40%

answer

in a typical 2 month old, roughly (#) percent of the bodys energy is devoted to growth

question

600

answer

young babies must consume an enormous number of calories relative to their body weight - typical 12 pound 3 month old should ingest (#) calories daily (about 50 lbs per pound of body weight - an adult on the other hand only need 15-20 calories per lb.)

question

1. ill less often 2. less prone to diarrhea and constipation 3. makes transition to solid foods easier 4. breast milk cannot be contaminated

answer

breast feeding is the best way to ensure that babies get the nourishment they need - list benefits:

question

first year

answer

american academy of pediatrics recommends that children be breast fed for the (blank) year, with iron-enriched solid foods introduced gradally

question

true

answer

true or false: studies typically find that breast and bottle fed babies are similar in physical and psychological development

question

see pg. 92

answer

by 2 years, growth slows and so children need less to eat - this is also a time when many children become picky eaters (see pg. 92)

question

malnourished

answer

being small for one's age because of inadequate nutrition

question

1 in 4

answer

worldwide about (# in #) children under age 5 is malnourished - many are from third world countries

question

10%

answer

(#) percent of american households do not have adequate food

question

f.y.i

answer

malnutrition during rapid periods of growht in infancy damages the brain, affecting a childs abilities to pay attention and learn

question

f.y.i.

answer

programs that combine dietary supplements with parent training offer promise in trating malnutrition

question

neuron

answer

basic cellular unit of the brain and nervous system that specializes in receiving and transmitting information

question

cell body

answer

center of the neuron the keeps that neuron alive

question

dendrite

answer

end of the neuron that recieves information; it looks like a tree with many branches

question

axon

answer

tubelike structure that emerges from the cell body and transmits information to other neurons

question

terminal buttons

answer

small knobs at the end of the axon that release neurotransmitters

question

neurotransmitters

answer

chemicals released by the terminal buttons that allow neurons to communicate with each other

question

cerebral cortex

answer

wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human

question

hemispheres

answer

right and left halves of the cortex

question

corpus callosum

answer

thick bundel of neurons that connects the two hemispheres

question

frontal cortex

answer

brain region that regulates personality and goal-directed behavior

question

3 quarters of a pound 80%

answer

brain weighs (#) at birth (roughly 25% of the weight of an adult brain) brain grows rapidly, but age 3 the brain has achieved (#) percent of its ultimate weight

question

neural plate

answer

beginnings of the brain can be traced to the period of the zygote - at roughly 3 weeks after conception, a group of cells form a flat structure known as the (blank). at 4 weeks it folds to form a tub that ultimately becomes the brain and spinal cord.

question

10 weeks - 28 weeks

answer

production of neurons begins about (#) weeks after conception, and by (#) weeks the developing brain has virtually all the neurons it will ever have! during these weeks, neurons form at the rate of more than 4000 per second

question

7

answer

brain is built in stages, beginning with the innermost layers - layering process continues until all six layers of the brain are in place, which occurs about (#) months after conception

question

myelin

answer

fatty sheath that wraps around neurons and enables them to transmit informaiton more rapidly

question

4th

answer

in the (#) month of prenatal development, axons begin to acquire myelin

question

sensory - cortex

answer

neurons that carry (blank) information are the first to acquire myelin - neurons in the (blank) are among the last

question

first birthday

answer

number of synapses peaks around the (blank) birthday - soon after they begin to disappear gradually

question

synaptic pruning

answer

gradual reduction in the number of synapses, beginning in infancy and continuing until early adolescences

question

sensory and motor functions - basic language and spatial skills - attention and planning

answer

pruning is completed first for brain regions associated with (blank and (blank) functions. regions associated with (blank) and (blank) are completed next, followed by regions associated with (blank) and (blank)

question

electroencephalography

answer

the study of brain waves recorded from electrodes that are palced on the scalp

question

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

answer

method of studying brain activity by using magnetic fields to track blood flow in the brain

question

1. specialization is early in development 2. specialization takes two specific forms 3. different brain systems specialze at different rates 4. successful specialization requires stimulation from the environement 5. the immature brain's lack of specialization confers a benefit - greater plasticity

answer

give 5 general principles that describe the brains specialization as children development: (see pgs 96-97 for further descriptions)

question

experience-expectant growth

answer

process by which the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans

question

experience-dependent growth

answer

process by which an individuals unique experiences over a lifetime affact brain structures and organization

question

f.y.i.

answer

young children often recoer more skills after brain injury than older children and adults, apparently because functions are more easily reassigned in the young brain

question

motor skills

answer

coordinated movemenets of the muscles and limbs

question

locomote

answer

ability to move around in the world

question

fine motor skills

answer

motor skills associated with grasping, holding, and manipulating objects

question

toddling

answer

early, unsteady form of walking done by infants

question

toddlers

answer

young children who have just learned to walk

question

1 month

answer

chin up =

question

2 months

answer

chest up =

question

3 months

answer

reach and miss =

question

4 months

answer

sit with support =

question

5 months

answer

sit on lap; grasp object =

question

6 months

answer

sit on high chair; grasp dangling object =

question

7 months

answer

sit alone =

question

8 months

answer

stand with help =

question

9 months

answer

stand holding furniture =

question

10 months

answer

creep =

question

11 months

answer

walk when led =

question

12 months

answer

pull to stand by furniture =

question

13 months

answer

climb stair steps =

question

14 months

answer

stand alone =

question

15 months

answer

walk alone =

question

dynamic systems theory

answer

theory that views motor development as involing many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific needs

question

visual cues and an inner-ear mechanisms

answer

by a few months after birth, infants begin to use (blank) and an (blank) mechanism to adjust their posture

question

true

answer

true or false: balance is not something that infants master just once

question

f.y.i.

answer

children dont step spontaneously until approx. 10 months because they must be able to stand in order to step

question

perceptual cues

answer

infants use (blank) cues to decide whether a surface is safe for walking

question

differentiation and integration

answer

mastery of intricate motions requires both (blank) and (blank)

question

differentiation

answer

distinguishing and mastering individual motions

question

integration

answer

linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole

question

"hurried walk"

answer

most 2 year olds have a "(blank)" instead of a true run

question

4 months

answer

at about (#) months infants can successfully reach for objects (they only use their fingers to hold objects)

question

7 or 8 months

answer

not until (# or #) months do most infants use their thumbs to hold objects

question

5 to 6 months

answer

at roughly (# to #) months, infants can coordinate the motions of their hands so that each hand performs different actions that serve a common goal

question

buttons tying shoes

answer

a 2 or 3 year old can put on some simple clothing and use zippers but not (blank); by 3 or 4 years, children can fasten buttons and take off their clothes when going to the bathroom; and most 5 year olds can dress and undress themselves - except for (blank), which children typically master at about age 6

question

f.y.i

answer

by the first birthday, most children are emergent right handers - some scientists believe that a gene biases children toward right-handedness (experience also contributes)

question

perception

answer

processes by which the brain recieves, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation

question

f.y.i.

answer

newborns have a keen sense of smell and also recognize familiar odors also have a highly developed sense of taste also sensitive to touch

question

human speech

answer

infants best hear sounds that have pitches in the range of...

question

true

answer

true or false: infants can differentiate speech sounds, such as vowels from consonant sounds

question

4 or 5 months

answer

by (# or #) months, babies can recognize their own names

question

f.y.i.

answer

babies can distinguish different musical sounds and can remember lullabies - they are senstivie to the rhythmic structure of music

question

visual acuity

answer

smallest pattern that one can distinguish reliably

question

first birthday

answer

by what time is an infant's acuity essentially the same as that of an adult with normal vision?

question

3

answer

by (#) months the three kinds of cones are working and infants are able to see the full range of colors

question

3 to 4 months

answer

by (# to #) months, infants color perception seems similar to that of adults

question

crawl

answer

infants can percieve depth by the time they are old enough to...

question

1. kinetic cues 2. visual expansion 3. motion parallax 4. retinal disparity

answer

how do infants infer depth? - they use several kinds of cues, name the four:

question

kinetic cues

answer

cues to depth perception in which motion is used to estimate depth

question

visual expansion

answer

kinetic cue to depth perception that is based on the fact that an obkect fills an ever-greater proportion of the retina as it moves closer

question

motion parallax

answer

kinetic cue to depth perception nased on the fact that nerby moving objects move across our visual field faster than do distant objects

question

retinal disparity

answer

way of inferring depth based on differences in the retinal images in the left and right eyes

question

kinetic cues, visual expansion, motion parallax

answer

which cues do babies use to infer depth in the first weeks after birth:?

question

retinal disparity

answer

which cue do babies use to infer depth after about 4 to 6 months of age?

question

pictorial cues 1. linear perspective 2. texture gradient

answer

by 7 months, infants use several cues for depth that depend on the arrangement of objects in the environment - these are sometimes called (blank) because they're the same cues that artists use to convey depth in drawings and paintings two examples are:

question

linear perspective

answer

a cue to depth perception based on the fact that parallel lines come together at a single point in the distance

question

texture gradient

answer

perceptual cue to depth based on the fact that the texture of objects changes from coarse and distinct for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects

question

1. motion: elements that move together are usually part of the same object 2. color 3. texture 4. aligned edges

answer

by 4 months, infants use a number of cues to determine which elements go together to form objects: (4 things)

question

facelike - newborns turn their eyes to follow a moving face more than they turn their eyes for nonface stimuli, howwever, preference for tracking a moving face changes abruptly at about 4 weeks of age (infants now track all moving stimuli)

answer

babies are innately attrached to stimuli that are...

question

7 or 8 months

answer

by (# or #) months, infatns process faces in much the same way that adults do; as a cofiguration in which the internal elements are arranged and spaced in a unique way

question

f.y.i.

answer

through the first 6 months after birth, infants have a very general prototype for a face- between 6 and 12 months of age, infants fine-tune their prototype of a face so that it reflects those kinds of faces that are familiar in their environment

question

true

answer

true or false: infants can recognize visually an object that they have only touched previously

question

intersensory redundancy (see pg. 113)

answer

infatns' sensory systems are attuned to information presented simultaneously to differenct sensory modes

question

1 year olds 15 months 2 years

answer

mirror test - sense of self: (#) year olds touch the red mark on the mirror by (#) months, however, babies touch their own nose by (#) years virtually all babies do this

question

18 and 24 months- at this time toddlers look more at pictures of themselves and refer to themselves by name or with a personal pronoun - sometimes also know their age and gender self-awareness well established by age 2

answer

self-awareness emerges between (#) and (#) months

question

conversations with parents about the past and the future

answer

awareness of a self that is extended in time is fostered by...

question

ownership

answer

awareness of a self extended in time is also revealed by their understanding of...

question

physical characteristics preferences competencies

answer

preschoolers usually mention what 3 things when descibing themselves?

question

intentional

answer

infants understand that people's behavior is often...

question

theory of mind

answer

ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behavior that create an intuitive understanding of the link between mind and behavior

question

2 and 5 years

answer

between (# and #) years, children develop a theory of mind

question

1. 2 years old: aware of desires (link desires to behavior) 2. 3 years old: distinguish the mental world from the physical world (have some understanding of different mental states) 3. 4 years old: understand that behavior is often based on a persons beliefs about evemts and situations even when those beliefss are wrong

answer

henry wellman believes that childrens theory of mind move through three phases during the preschool years:

question

3 and a half years old

answer

before (#) years olf, children typically make the false-belief error

question

1. become intensely interested in objects 2. seem unintersted in other people 3. social exchanges are awkward 4. grasp false belief very slowly 5. absenec of a theory of mind "mindblindness" defining characteristic

answer

autism is the most serious of a family of disorders known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) - individuals with ASD acuire language later than usual and their speech often echos what others say to them; list some other characteristics:

question

18 to 24 months 200-300 U.S. kids are diagnosed 80% are boys ASD is heritable

answer

symptoms of ASD emerge by (# to #) months of age

question

scheme during infancy most are based on actions

answer

according to piaget, a mental structure that orgaizes information and regulates behavior

question

assimilation

answer

according to piaget, taking in information that is compatible with what one already knows new experiences are readily incorporated into existing schemes

question

accommodation

answer

according to piaget, changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge occurs when schemes are modified based on experience

question

equilibration

answer

according to piaget, a process by which children recognize their schemes to return to a state of equilbrium when disequilbrium occurs

question

1. sensorimotor period (0 - 2 years) 2. preoperational period (2 - 7 years) 3. concrete operational period (7 - 11 years) 4. formal operational period (11 years and up) children go through all these stages in sequence

answer

name piaget's 4 stages to cognitive development:

question

1. adapting to and exploring the environment 2. understanding objects 3. using symbols

answer

what three characteristics make up the sensorimotor period?

question

*1 and 4 months *8 months *12 months

answer

sensorimotor period: *between (# and #) months reflexes are first modified by experiences *at about (#) months, infatns reach a watershed: the onset of deliberate, intentional behavior - the first indication of purposeful, goal-directed behavior during infancy *(#) months become active experimenters

question

*object permanence (piaget claimed that infants lacked this understanding for much of the first year) *4 to 8 month olds *8 months

answer

sensorimotor period: *(blank): understanding, acquired in infancy, that objects exist independently of oneself *(# to #) month olds will not search for an object that is covered by a cloth *by about (#) months infants will search for the hidden object

question

18 months

answer

piaget argues that not until approx. (#) months do infants have full understanding of object permanence

question

18 months

answer

by (#) months, infants begin to talk and gesture and engage in pretend play

question

1. egocentrism 2. centration 3. animism 4. appearance as reality

answer

what are some characteristics of the preoperational period?

question

egocentrism

answer

difficulty in seeing the world from another's point of viewl typical of children in the preoperational period

question

animism

answer

crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties such as feelings

question

centration

answer

according to piaget, narrowly focused type of thought characteristic of preoperational children

question

is really like confuse appearance and reality

answer

final feature of preoperational thinking is that preschool children believe that an objects appearance tells what the object..

question

1. infants and young children 2. adolescents 4. variability (cognitive development is nowhere near as stage like as piaget believes) 5. sociocultural

answer

although piaget;s contributions to child development are legendary, some elements of his theory have held up better than others: 1. his theory underestimates cognitive competence in (blank) and (blank) 2. overestimates cogntivive compenetnce in (blank) 3. theory is vague with respect to processes and mechanisms of change 4. piaget's stage mofel does not account for (blank) in children's performance 5. theory undervalues the influence of the (blank) environment on cognitive development

question

core knowledge hypothesis physics, psychology, and biology

answer

infants are born with rudimentary knowledge of the world, which is elaborated based on experieces some of the theories young children first develop concern what three things?

question

*4 and a half month olds *6 month olds *5 month olds

answer

naive physics: *(#) month olds consistently look longer at an unrealistic event than at a realistic event *(#) month olds are surprised when an object that realeased in midair doesn't fall, when an object remaind stationary after being hit, or when an object passes through another solid object *(#) month olds expect liquids but not solids to change their shape as they're moved from one container to another

question

*12 to 15 months

answer

naive biology: *beings in infancy - distinguish animate objects from inanimate objects *by (# to #) months, babies have determinedd that animate objects are self-propelled, can move in irregular paths, and act to achieve goals

question

1. movement 2. growth 3. internal parts 4. inheritance 5. illness 6. healing

answer

naive biology: mane 4 year olds theories of biology include the following elements: (6 things)

question

teleological explanations

answer

children's belief that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose

question

essentialism

answer

childrens beliefs that all living things have an essence that can't be seen but gives a living thing its identity

question

7 or 8 years

answer

not until (# or #) years of age do children decide that plants are alive as well

question

mental hardware

answer

mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate

question

mental software

answer

mental "programs: that are the basis for performing particular tasks

question

attnetion

answer

processes that determine which information will be processed further by an individual

question

orienting response

answer

an individual views a strong or unfamiliar stimulus, and changes in heart rate and brain-wave activity occur

question

habituation

answer

becoming unresponsive to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly

question

1. habituation 2. classical conditioning 3. operant conditioning 4. imitation

answer

learning can take several forms, including: (4 things)

question

classical conditioning

answer

a form of learning that involves pairing a neutal stimulus and a response orinially produced by another stimulus

question

operant conditioning

answer

view of learning, proposed by skinner, that emphasizes reward and punishment

question

true

answer

true or false: young babies remember events for days or even weeks at a time

question

f.y.i.

answer

rovee-colliers experiements showt hat three important features of memory exist as early as 2 and 3 months of age: 1. an event from the past is remembered 2. over time, the event can be longer be recalled 3. a cue can serve to dredge up a memory that seems to have been forgotten

question

6 months 2nd year

answer

brain structures primarily responsible for the intital storage of informaiton, including the hippocampus and amygdala, seem to develop very early - by age (#) months the structures responsible for retrieveing these stored memories, the preforntal cortex, develops much later - into the (#) year

question

autobiographical memory emerges in the preschool years

answer

memories of the significant events and experiences of one's own life

question

pg. 140-141

answer

preschoolers as eyewitnessess

question

true

answer

true or false: basic number skills originate in infancy

question

5 month olds

answer

research suggests that (#) month olds can distinguish two objects from three and three objects from four

question

true

answer

true or false: young babies can perform simple addition and subtraction

question

6 month olds

answer

infants can compare quantities - (#) month olds are sensitive to ratio

question

2 years old

answer

by (#) years old, most babies know some number words and have begun to count

question

1. one-to-one principle: there must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted 2. stable-order principle: number names must be counted in the same order 3. cardinality principle: the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects

answer

by age 3, most children have mastered three basic principles of counting - at least when it comes to counting up to five objects

question

4

answer

by age (#) most children know the numbers to 20 and some can count to 99

question

lev vygotsky

answer

who believed the development is an apprenticeship in which children advance when they collaborate iwht other who are more skilled

question

intersubjectivity

answer

mutal, shared understanding among participants in an activity - -part of lev vygotsky's theory

question

guided participation

answer

childrens involvement in structured activities with othesr who are more skilled, typically producing cognitive growht -part of lev vygotsky's theory

question

zone of proximal development

answer

difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone -part of lev vygotsky's theory

question

scaffolding

answer

a style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistenace they offer to match the learner's needs -part of lev vygotsky's theory

question

private speech

answer

a childs comments that are not intended for others but are designed instead to help regulate the childs own behavior

question

inner speech

answer

vygotsky viewed private speech as an intermediate step toward self-regulation of cognitive skills as children gain ever greater skill, private speech becomes (blank), which was vygotsky's term for thought

question

phonemes include consonant sounds and vowel sounds

answer

unique sounds used to create words; the basic building blocks of language

question

as early as 1 month after birth

answer

when can infants begin to distinguish phonemes?

question

f.y.i.

answer

research shows that infants can distinguish phonemes that are not used in their native language - newborns are biologically capable of hearing the entire range of phonemes in all language worldwide

question

f.y.i.

answer

when 7 to 8 month olds hear a word repeatedly in different sentenses, they later pay more attention to this word than to words they havent heard previously

question

content words - function words

answer

6 month olds pay more attention to (blank) words (nouns, verbs) than to (blank) words (articles, prepositions)

question

yes

answer

do 6 month olds look at the correct parent when they hear mommy or daddy?

question

1. stressed syllables 2. statistical: notice syllables that go together frequently 3. through their emerging knowlege of how sounds are used in their native language 4. rely on familiar function words (a, the) 5. parents speaking in infant-directed speech

answer

in normal conversation, there are no silent gaps between words, so how to infants pick out words? (5 things)

question

stressed- unstressed

answer

infants pay more attention to (blank) syllables than (blank) syllables

question

6 months

answer

by (#) months most infants recognize function words (a, the) and use them to determine the onset of a new word

question

infant-directed speech; motherese

answer

speech the adults use with infatns that is slow and has exaggerated changes in pitch and volumes; it is thought to aid language acquisition

question

cooing - 2 months

answer

early vowel-like sounds that babies produce at what age?

question

babbling - 6 months

answer

speechlike sounds that consist of vowel-consonant combinations, common at about (#) months

question

8 to 11 months

answer

at roughly (# to #) months, infants babbling sounds more like real speech because infants stress some syllables and vary the pitch of their speech

question

10 to 14 months

answer

around (# to #) months, babies appear to understand what others say despite the fact that they have yet to speak

question

1. mother and father 2. grettings 3. foods and toys

answer

a babies first word typically includes what types of words?

question

f.y.i.

answer

by age 2 - vocab of a few hundred words by age 6 - vocan includes more than 10,000 words

question

f.y.i.

answer

gestures are symbols and infants begin to gesture shortly before their first birthday - gestures sometimes pave the way for language

question

naming explosion

answer

15 month old may learn two to three new words each week- 18 month olds experience a (blank) during which they learn new words much more rapidly - now learn ten or more words each week

question

fast mapping

answer

a childs connections between words and referents that are made so quickly that he or she cannot consider all possible meanings of the word

question

1. joint attention 2. constraints on word names 3. sentence cues 4. cognitive factors 5. developmental change in word learning 6. naming errors

answer

researchers believe that many distinct factors contribute to young childrens rapid word learning: (6 things)

question

f.y.i.

answer

joint attention: 18 to 20 month olds assume that the label is the objects name only when adults show signs that they are referring to the object

question

1. if an unfamiliar word is heard in the presence of objects that already have names and object that dont, the word refers to one of the objects that doesnt have a name 2. a name refers to a whole object, not its parts; and it refers to all objects of the same type 3. if an object already has a name and another name is presented, the new name denotes a subcategory of the orginial name 4. given many similar category members, a word applied consistently to only one of them is a proper noun

answer

constraints on word names: how does a toddler know that banana refers to the obkect that shes touching as opposed to her activity (touching) or to the objects color? researchers believe that young children follow several simple rules:

question

f.y.i.

answer

sentence cues: children hear many unfamiliar words embedded in sentences containing words they already know - the other words and the overall sentence structure can be helpful clues to a words meaning

question

f.y.i.

answer

cognitive factors: naming explosion coincides with a time of rapid cognitive growth, and childrens increased cogitive skill helps them to learn new words with more experience, children derive an even more general rule: objects that have the same shape have the same name

question

attentional language

answer

developmental change in word learning: before 18 months, infants learn new words relatively slowly (often just one new word each day) and they rely heavily on simple (blank) processes to learn the new words by 24 months they learn many new words daily, which reflects children greater use of (blank) cues and a speakers social cues

question

*underextension *overextention (between 1 and 3 years)

answer

naming errors: *(blank): when children define words more narrowly than adults do *(blank): when childre define words more broadly than adults do

question

producing - comprehending

answer

overextention error occurs more frequently when children are (blank) words than when they are (blank) words

question

14 months- 22 months

answer

naming explosion typically occurs around 18 months as early as (#) months for some - and as late as (#) for some

question

1. heredity 2. phonological memory 3. child's language environment

answer

what can account for childrens' differences in vocab size? (3 things)

question

phonological memory

answer

ability to remember speech sounds briefy; an important skills in acquiring vocab

question

f.y.i.

answer

when infants learn two languages simultaneously, they often progress somewhat slowly at first - soon, however, they separate the languages, and bilingual children reach most language milestones at about the same age as monolingual children

question

1. better understand that words are simply arbitrary symbols 2. more skilled at switching back and forth between tasks and often are better able to inhibit inappropriate responses

answer

in what ways are bilingual children more skilled?

question

*referential style *expressive style

answer

as children expand their vocab, they often adopt a distinct style of learning languauge: *some children have a (blank) style: their vocab mainly consist of words that name objects, persons, or actions *other children have an (blank) style: they vocab include some names but also many socil phrases that are used like a single word

question

yes for preschoolers but no for infants under 18 months

answer

do videos help children learn words?

question

3 year olds

answer

sentences with 10 or more words are common in (#) year olds speech

question

telegraphic speech

answer

speech used by young childrent hat contains only the words necessary to convey a message

question

grammetical morphemes preschool children gradually acquire these

answer

words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical

question

overregularization

answer

grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule

question

1. behaviorist approach: children imitate the grammatical forms they hear 2. linguistic approach: believe children are born with mechanisms that simplfy the task of learning grammar 3. cognitive approach: believe children learn grammar through powerful cognitive skills that help them rapidly detet regularities in their environment 4. social-interaction approach: draws on each of the views - emphasizes that much language learning takes place in the context of interactions between children and adults

answer

how do children acquire grammar? - theoriests have proposed several different answers to this question:

question

3 years old

answer

by (#) years old, children will repeat his or her remark to elicit a response if the listener failed to respond intitially

question

see page 162

answer

major milestones of language development: see table 4.2 pg. 162

Human Development Exam 2 Book Notes – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards