Human Development Chapters 7-10 – Flashcards
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Growing body: Preschool Years
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2-6 years
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By the age __, __ to __ lbs and close to __ in. tall
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2, 25, 30, 36
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By the age __, about __ lbs and __ in. tall
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6, 46, 46
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Boys gain __ weight and height than girls
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more
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Children in developing countries _____ gain weight and height like children in developed countries
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do not
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_____ grows at a faster rate than any other part of the body
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brain
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____ have brains that are 3/4 the size and weight of an adult
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2 yr olds
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corpus callosum
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bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. Becomes thicker.
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improved lateralization
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the process in which certain functions or tasks are located more in 1 hemisphere than the other
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the ___ hemisphere becomes specialized during preschool years in the areas of:
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left, - speaking - reading - thinking/ reasoning
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reticular formation
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an area of brain associated with attention and concentration; completed by age 5
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hippocampus
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an area associated with memory
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cerebellum
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part of brain that controls balance and movement
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cerebral cortex
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the structure responsible for sophisticated information processing
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By age __, children can _____. Unable to ____.
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3, - run - jump - hop on one foot - skip Unable to: - stop or turn suddenly
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By age __ or __, skills are more ___ with increasing control over their muscles
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4, 5, refined
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Typical 3 year old is capable of:
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- undoing his clothes to go to the bathroom - putting together a jigsaw puzzle - fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped heads
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Preoperational Stage:
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age of 2 until around 7 years - symbolic function
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Symbolic function
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ability to use symbols, words, or object to represent something that is not physically present
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centration
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involves inability to consider all available information about a stimulus
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conservation
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the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects
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preoperational children
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unable to envision successive transformations the process in which one state is changed into another
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egocentric thought
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thinking that does NOT take into account the view points of others
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intuitive thought
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leads preschoolers to act as authorities on particular topics and believe that they know answers to all kinds of questions, but there is little or no logical basis for this confidence
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Reliability of a preschooler's memory is most vulnerable to suggestion therefore making those memories _______.
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unreliable
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Preschooler's memories often undergo through ____.
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scripts
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Zone of proximal (ZPD)
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the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent
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scaffolding
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the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence is growth
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fast mapping
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new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
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By age __, the average child has a vocabulary of around _____ words.
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6, 14,000
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pragmatics
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the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a social context
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social speech
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speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person
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Before the age of __, children are unable to demonstrate social speech.
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3
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Initiative-vs-guilt
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3rd stage of Erikson. around age 3-6 years
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self-concept or identity
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set of beliefs about what we are like as individuals
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collectivist orientation
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promotes the notion of interdependence
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individualistic orientation
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emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual
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race dissonance
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phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people
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gender identity
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sense of being male or female; well established by preschool years
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gender play: biological perspective
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- when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of androgens prenatally, they are more likely to display stereotypical male behaviors - different sexes, hormone differences, and differences in structure of females and male brain
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gender play: psychoanalytic perspective
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- males and females go through different identification process - identifying with same sex parents enables child to adopt parent's gender attitudes/ values
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gender play: social learning
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- gender related behaviors and expectations learned from observing others - books, media, television perpetuate gender related behavior and expectations
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gender play: cognitive perspective
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- individuals develop gender identity, perception, of one self as male and female
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gender schema
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- must develop first - a cognitive framework that organized information relevant to gender
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Around age __, children develop real friendships
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3
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two types of play
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functional play and constructive play
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functional play
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simple, repetitive activities, typically of 3 year olds, may involve objects or repetitive muscular movements
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constructive play
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manipulation of objects, typical of 4 year olds, practices motor skills
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parallel play
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children play with some toy in similar way but do not interact with each other
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onlooker play
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Children simply watch each other play
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Solitary play
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Children play by themselves
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Associate play
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Children interact with one another in groups of two or more; children share and borrow toys
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Cooperative play
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Children genuinely play with one another, taking turns, playing games
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Associative and cooperative play generally do not merge until ____ of preschool years, ____.
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end, 6-7 years
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theory of mind
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understanding what others are thinking
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The cycle of violence hypothesis
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Argues that the abuse and neglect that children suffered predispose them as adults to be abusive
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Resilience
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Ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological and or physical damage
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heteronomous morality
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- 4 to 7 years - rules seen as invariant, unchangeable, and beyond child's control and or influence - believe in immanent justice (immediate punishment for infractions)
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incipient cooperation stage
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- 7 to 10 years - play according to shared conception of the rules
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autonomous cooperation stage
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- beginning at 10 years - become fully aware of the rules may and can be modified if people playing agree
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instrumental aggression
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motivated by desire to obtain a concrete goal - higher in boys than in girls
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relational aggression
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intended to hurt another person's feelings through non-physical means - higher in girls than boys
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emotional self- regulation
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the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and levels of intensity
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concrete operational stage
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- third stage of Piaget development - 7 and 12 years - characterized by active and appropriate use of logic
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Reversibility
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The notion that processes transforming a stimulus can be reversed, returning it to its original form
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Decentering
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Take multiple aspects of the situation into account
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The average six-year-old has a vocabulary of from ____ to ____ words
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8,000, 14,000
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9 and 11 year olds have a vocabulary of about _______ words.
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19,000
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syntax
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the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences
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Kohlberg's Theory of moral reasoning
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- three levels - 2 stages - preconventional morality - conventional morality - postconventional morality
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Conventional Morality (2nd stage)
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- most adolescents and most adults seem to be at level 2 - follow societal rules and norms
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Preconventional Morality (1st stage)
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- ages 4 to 10; some adolescents and even some adults remain at level 1 - worry about punishments and rewards
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Postconventional Morality (3rd stage)
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- early adolescents or young adulthood, if ever - most abstract, and advanced; know the rules but sometimes seen as relative and subjective
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Damon's Stages of Friendship: Stage 1
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- ages 4-7 years - friendship is based o others' behavior
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Damon's Stages of Friendship: Stage 2
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- ages 8-10 years - based on trust; friends are seen as those who can be counted on to help out when they are needed
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Damon's Stages of Friendship: Stage 3
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- ages 11-15 years - based on psychological closeness
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Boys and friendship
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- is composed of rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group hierarchy - in conflicts, boys are seeking to make one's own point of view prevail
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Girls and friendship
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- girls play in pairs - conflicts solved by compromise, ignoring, or giving in - can be confrontational with other girls, not their friends - language is less confrontational and direct than boys - focus on 1 or 2 best friends of equal status
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children experience sibling _____ and ______.
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relationship, rivalry
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early relationships between siblings shape how children _____ to others and ____ made in later life.
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relate, choices
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metalinguistic awareness
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- increasing understanding of their own use of language - it helps children to achieve comprehension or understanding when information is fuzzy or incomplete
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intelligence
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- capacity to understand the world - think rationally - uses resources effectively when faced with challenges
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Spearman's G
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Theory that suggest that a single general factor for mental ability that under lies intelligence
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Catell suggested TWO types of intelligence: Fluid intelligence
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reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
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Catell suggested TWO types of intelligence: Crystallized intelligence
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accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people learn through experience
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Gardner's theory multiple intelligence
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suggests that there are 8 different forms of intelligence
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Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
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1. componential 2. experiential 3. contextual
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componential
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- score highest on IQ tests - solve problems and evaluate solutions - how people process and analyze (school smarts)
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experiential
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- insightful component - compare new information to what is already known - combine and relate facts in novel and creativity way (creativity)
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contextual
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practical intelligence, demands of everyday environment (street smarts)
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IQ score =
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MA/CA X 100
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Industry vs Inferiority
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- ages 6 to 12 years - focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges related to parents, peers, school, and other complexities of the modern world
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self-concept
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reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self
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self-esteem
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an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation (more emotionally oriented)
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Promoting development of self-esteem is possible via _______ child-rearing style
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authoritative
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_____ are as well adjusted as children with brothers and sisters. In some ways, better adjusted.
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only children
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Parents and middle childhood
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children spend LESS time with their parents
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Peer relationships ____ influential but _______ than family relationships.
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are, no more
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Parents still remain the ___ influence in their children's lives
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major
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only ____ of children in the U.S will pass through childhood living with ____ parents each of whom has been married only once.
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half, both
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School age children tend to blame _____ for break up
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themselves
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after a divorce, 10 year old children feel pressured to _______ between mother and father and may experience degree of divided
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choose sides
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Both children and parents experience
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- anxiety - depression - sleep deprivation - phobias
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____ as many children of divorced parents require psychological counseling as do children from intact families
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twice
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after ___ months to ___ years, most children return to their predivorce psychological adjustment
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10, 2
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for some children, living in a home with ____ marriage and which is high in conflict has stronger negative consequences than divorce
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unhappy
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divorce may be ______ to children living in households overwhelmed by parents stride/fighting
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beneficial
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people who have experienced parental divorced are ____ at risk for experiencing divorce themselves and afraid of making commitments
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more
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Blended families include _____ couple that has at least one ____ living with them
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remarried, stepchild
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living in blended family involves ______ in which roles are unclear
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role ambiguity
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School age children often adjust relatively _____ to a blended family
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smoothly
