Human Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary – Flashcards
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covalent bond
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A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
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ionic bond
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chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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hydrogen bond
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Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
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chemical compound
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a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
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synthesis reaction
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a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound
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decomposition reaction
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a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
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exchange reaction
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decomposition of two substances and, in exchange, synthesis of two new compounds AB + CD -> AD + BC
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double replacement reaction
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a chemical change that involves an exchange of positive ions between two compounds
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chemical equilibrium
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a state of balance in which forward and reverse reactions are taking place at the same rate.
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reversible reaction
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a chemical reaction in which the products re-form the original reactants
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kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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chemical energy
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Energy stored in chemical bonds
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catalyst
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substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
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acid
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compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
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base
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compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution
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buffer
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weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
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electrolytes
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minerals that carry electrical charges
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carbohydrate
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compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
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lipid
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macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
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protein
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A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
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nucleic acid
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DNA and RNA, stores genetic information
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skeletal system
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system that supports and protects the body
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muscular system
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works with the skeletal system to move our bodies
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integumentary system
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Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail
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cardiovascular system
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a collection of organs that transport blood throughout the body
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respiratory system
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system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs
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nervous system
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the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
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digestive system
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Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body.
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urinary system
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Cleanses the blood. Rids the body of wastes. Maintains salt and water balance.
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endocrine system
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Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.
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reproductive system
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Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)
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lymphatic system
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Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.
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homeostatic mechanisms
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self-regulating control systems
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set point
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a level that the body works to maintain
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normal range
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range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center
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negative feedback
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mechanism of homeostasis that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rate or output
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positive feedback
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mechanism of homeostasis feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output
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receptor
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protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response
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control center
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determines the set point at which the variable is maintained processes the signal and sends instructions
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effector
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provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus
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stimulus
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any event or situation that evokes a response
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Inferior
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Below
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Superior
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Above
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Anterior
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Toward the front
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Posterior
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Toward the back
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Dorsal
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Back side
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Ventral
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Belly side
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Proximal
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Closer to the point of attachment
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Distal
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Away from the point of attachment
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Lateral
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Away from the midline of the body
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Medial
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Toward the midline of the body
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Superficial
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Near the surface
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Deep
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Away from the body surface; more internal
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Anatomical position
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To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward
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supine
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lying on the back
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prone
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lying face down
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sagittal plane
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divides the body into right and left parts
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transverse plane
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horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
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frontal plane
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divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
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longitudinal plane
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perpendicular to the transverse plane and can be either coronal or sagittal plane
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oblique plane
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passes through the body at an angle
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thoracic cavity
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cavity housing lungs and heart
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mediastinum
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Centrally located space between the lungs
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abdominopelvic cavity
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both the pelvic and abdominal cavities
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visceral membrane
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covers the organs
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parietal membrane
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membrane that lines the wall of a cavity
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pleural membrane
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membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage
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peritoneal membrane
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membranes that line the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs inside
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mesentery
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structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall
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epithelium
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cells covering external and internal surfaces of the body
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free surface
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not in contact with other cells
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basal surface
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The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane
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basement membrane
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Cells at the base of an epithelial layer are attached to this.
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simple epithelium
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Single layer of cells.
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pseudostratified epithelium
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Multiple layers due to difference in cell height, but are really one layer.
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stratified epithelium
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several layers of cells
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transitional epithelium
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specialized to change in response to increased tension
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squamous epithelium
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Cells that are like floor tiles.
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cuboidal epithelium
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Type of epithelial tissue with cube-shaped cells.
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columnar epithelium
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Single layer column shaped cells - lining stomach, small intestine - secrete and absorbs
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extracellular matrix
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surrounds and supports the cells
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collagen fibers
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provides flexibility and strength
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reticular fibers
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join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
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elastic fibers
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Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue
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fibroblasts
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In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.
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fibrocytes
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maintain connective tissue fibers and matrix
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areolar tissue
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loose connective tissue
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adipose tissue
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a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy
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hydroxyapatite
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the chief crystal of bone, formed from calcium and phosphorus
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osteoblasts
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bone forming cells
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osteocytes
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mature bone cells
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canaliculi
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Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
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periosteum
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a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
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diaphysis
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the shaft of a long bone
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epiphyseal plate
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growth plate
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epiphysis
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the end of a long bone
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endosteum
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membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
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articular cartilage
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covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
