Flashcards About Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
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Superior (cranial)
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toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
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Inferior (caudal)
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away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
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Ventral (anterior)
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toward or at the front of the body; in front of
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Dorsal (posterior)
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Toward or at the back of the body; behind
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Medial
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toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
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Lateral
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away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
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Intermediate
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between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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Proximal
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closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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Distal
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farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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Superficial
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toward or at the body surface
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Deep (internal)
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away from the body surface; more internal
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Anatomical Position
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erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know
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Directional Terms
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allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another
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Axial
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fundamental division of our body. Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.
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Appendicular
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fundamental division of our body. relating to the limbs and their attachments to the axis.
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Regional Terms
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used to designate specific areas within major body divisions
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Abdominal
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pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs
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Acromial
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pertaining to the point of the shoulder
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Antebrachial
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pertaining to the forearm
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Antecubital
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pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow
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Axillary
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pertaining to the armpit
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Brachial
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pertaining to the arm
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Buccal
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pertaining to the cheek
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Carpal
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Pertaining to the wrist
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Cephalic
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pertaining to the head
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Cervical
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pertaining to the neck region
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Coxal
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pertaining to the hip
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Crural
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pertaining to the leg
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Digital
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pertaining to the fingers or toes
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Femoral
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pertaining to the thigh
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Fibular (peroneal)
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pertaining to the side of the leg
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Frontal
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pertaining to the forehead
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Hallux
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pertaining to the great toe
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Inguinal
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pertaining to the groin
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Mammary
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pertaining to the breast
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Manus
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pertaining to the hand
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Mental
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pertaining to the chin
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Nasal
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pertaining to the nose
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Oral
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pertaining to the mouth
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Orbital
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pertaining to the eye socket (orbit)
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Palmar
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pertaining to the palm of the hand
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Patellar
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pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region
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Pedal
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pertaining to the foot
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Pelvic
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pertaining to the pelvis region
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Pollex
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pertaining to the thumb
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Pubic
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pertaining to the genital region
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Sternal
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pertaining to the region of the breastbone
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Tarsal
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pertaining to the ankle
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Thoracic
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pertaining to the chest
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Umbilical
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pertaining to the navel
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Acromial
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pertaining to the point of the shoulder
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Calcaneal
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pertaining to the heel of the foot
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Dorsum
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pertaining to the back
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Gluteal
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pertaining to the buttocks or rump
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Lumbar
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pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin
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Occipital
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Back of the head
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Otic
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pertaining to the ear
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Perineal
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pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia
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Plantar
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pertaining to the sole of the foot
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Popliteal
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pertaining to the back of the knee
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Sacral
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pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
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Scapular
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pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area
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Sural
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pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg
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Vertebral
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pertaining to the area of the spinal column
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Sagittal
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a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
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Median Plane (midsagittal plane)
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sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline
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Parasagittal Planes
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all other sagittal planes offset from the midline
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Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane)
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like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse/Horizontal Plane
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runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back)
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Oblique Sections
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cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes
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Dorsal Body Cavity
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protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions
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Cranial Cavity
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in the skull, encases the brain
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Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)
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runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord
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Ventral Body Cavity
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the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera
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Thoracic Cavity
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surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
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Pleural Cavities
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lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum
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Medial Mediastinum
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contains the pericardial cavity
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Pericardial Cavity
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encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Abdominal Cavity
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Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs
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Pelvic Cavity
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Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Serosa (Serous Membrane)
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the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin double layered membrane
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Parietal Serosa
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lines internal body walls
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Visceral Serosa
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covers the internal organs
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists
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Umbilical region
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The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus
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Epigastric Region
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LOcater superior to the umbilical region
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Right and Left Iliac or Inguinal Regions
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located lateral to hypogastric regions, superior part of the hip bone
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Right and Left Lumbar Regions
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lie lateral to the umbilical region
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Right and Left Hypochondriac Regions
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Flank the epigastric region laterally
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Oral and Digestive Cavities
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aka mouth, teeth and tongue, this cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus.
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Nasal Cavity
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located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways
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Orbital Cavities
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in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position
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Middle Ear Cavities
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carved into the skull lie just medial to the cardrums. contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.
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Synovial Cavities
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Are joint cavities, enclosed within the fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body i.e. elbow and knee joints. Secreate a lubricating fl. tht reduces friction as the bones move acrossone another.
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What is anatomy?
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the study of structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
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What is physiology?
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the study of function of the body - how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities
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What is gross or macroscopic anatomy?
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the study of the large body structures, visible to the naked eye such as heart, lungs kidneys
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What is regional anatomy?
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the study of all the structures in a particular region of the body.ex: abdomen or legs
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What is systemic anatomy?
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the study of body systems such as the cardiovascular system
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What are the 3 different subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy?
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regional, systemic, and surface anatomy
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What is surface anatomy?
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the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface - e.g. - identifying the bulging muscles beneath a bodybuilders skin or to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses or draw blood
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What are 2 subdivisions of study for microscopic anatomy?
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cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)
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What is developmental anatomy?
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Tracing structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span -- Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes occurring before birth
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What are some subdivisions of physiology?
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renal physiology (operation of kidney), neurophysiology (nervous system), and cardiovascular physiology (operation of the heart and blood vessels)
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What is the principle of complementarity?
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anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form.
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In what way does physiology depend of anatomy?
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the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy
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Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?
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Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.
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What are the levels of structural organization?
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chemical (atoms and molecules), cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level
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What does the digestive system do?
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takes in nutrients, breaks them down into simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
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What does the respiratory system do?
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takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
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What does the urinary system do?
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eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions
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What does the cardiovascular system do?
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via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs
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What does the integumentary system do?
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Skin, hair and nails protect the body as a whole from the external environment - drying out, bacteria, heat, sunlight, chemicals
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all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs
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cells
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_____ ____ work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
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organ systems
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Integumentary system
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Forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury - made up of hair, nails and skin
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Skeletal System
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Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
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Muscular system
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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Made up of skeletal muscles
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Nervous system
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The fast acting control system of the body; it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles muscles and glands. Made up of the the brain, nerves and spinal cord
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Endocrine system
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Mad up of pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis
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Cardiovascular system
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Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Made up of blood vessels and heart
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Lymphatic system/ immunity
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in lymphatic system, houses while blood cells involved in immunity. Immune system attacks foreign substances in the body. Mad up of red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes
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Respiratory system
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Made up of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus
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Digestive system
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces Made up of oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus
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Urinary system
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Made up of kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
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Male and female reproductive systems
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Production of offspring. For male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina
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What are some functions of the lymphatic system?
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it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity;
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What are the necessary life functions?
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maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth
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What is metabolism?
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a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler ones (anabolism), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy rich molecules that power cellular activities
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What are the survival needs?
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Nutrients (needed for energy and cell building), oxygen (approx. 20% of the air we breathe), water (60-80% of our body), normal body temp. (37 c) and atmospheric pressure (force that air exerts on the surface of the body
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What is homeostasis?
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the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
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What are control mechanisms for homeostasis?
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3 components -- the receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action (determines the set point - the level that must be maintained) and then the info flows to the effector which provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus (output). The results of the response then feed back to influence the effect of the stimulus by either reducing it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)
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What is negative feedback within homeostasis? and example
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the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood sugar (endocrine mechanism)
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What separates living beings from nonliving objects?
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Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental change, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects do not exhibit all of these
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What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
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metabolism
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Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet?
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because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life
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What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH
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Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood.
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What is positive feedback examples
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the response enhances, exaggerates or accelerates the original stimulus (cascades); exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting
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Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause?
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disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)
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the head is _______ to the abdomen
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superior
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the navel is ______ to the chin
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inferior
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the breastbone is _____ to the spine
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anterior (ventral)
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the heart is _____ to the breastbone
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posterior (dorsal)
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the heart is _____ to the arm
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medial
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the arms are _____ lateral to the chest
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lateral
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the collarbone is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder
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intermediate
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the elbow is _______ to the wrist
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proximal
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the knee is ___ to the thigh
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distal
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the skin is ________ to the skeletal muscles
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superficial
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the lungs are _____ to the skin
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deep
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What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?
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Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body.
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When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative or a positive feedback control system?
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thirst is part of a neg. feedback control system because it prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to the normal range
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Why is the formation of platelet plug called positive feedback? What event ends it?
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This is a pos. feedback mechanism because it enhances the change set into motion by the stimulus. The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel.
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The two fundamental divisions of our body
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Axial part - head, neck and trunk. Appendicular part- appendages or limbs
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Regional terms are used to ......
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designate specific areas within major body divisions
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The most frequent planes
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Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse
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Sagittal plane
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vertical plane- divides the body into right and left parts
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Midsagittal plane
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median for the sagittal plane
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Parasagittal plane
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offset from the midline or midsagittal plane
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Frontal plane
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vertically divide the body into ventral and dorsal parts
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transverse or horizontal plane
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horizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior and inferior parts
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oblique sections
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are cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the verical planes
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What cavity is the brain in?
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cranial cavity
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what cavity contains the spinal cord
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vertebral cavity
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what cavity contains the heart and lungs
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thoracic cavity
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what is between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity
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diaphragm
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what cavity contains the digestive viscera
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Abdominal cavity
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what cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum
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pelvic cavity
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what are the three parts of the thoracic cavity
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superior mediastinum, pluerla cavity, pericardial cavity within the mediastinum
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what does the dorsal body cavity contain
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cranial and vertebral cavity
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what does the ventral body cavity contain
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thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities
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what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the lungs
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pleural cavities
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what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the heart and esophagus and trachea
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pericardial cavity
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the walls of the ____ body cavity are covered by a thin, double layered membrane
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ventral
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the double layered membrane covering the the outer surfaces of the organs is the ...
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serosa or serous membrane
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The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the ....
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parietal serosa
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When the parietal serosa folds in on itself it forms the ....
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visceral serosa
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in the body the serous membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called,,,
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serous fluid
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the _____ _____ is the center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval)
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umbilical region
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the _______ _____ is located superior to the umbilical region
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epigastric region
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the _____ ______ is located inferior to the umbilical region
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hypogastric region (pubic)
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the right and left ____ or ___ regions are located lateral to the hypogastric region
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iliac or inguinal regions
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the right and left ______ regions lie lateral to the umbilical region
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lumbar
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the right and left _____ regions lie lateral to the epigastric region
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Hypochondriac
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what region is the liver, diaphragm and gallbladder in
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right hypochondriac
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what region is the stomach, diaphragm and liver in
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Epigastric region
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what region is the diaphragm in
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left hypochondriac
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what region is the ascending colon of the large intestine in
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right lumbar region
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what region is the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine in
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umbilical region
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what region is the descending colon of the large intestine in
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left lumbar region
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what region is the cecum and appendix in
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right iliac region (inguinal )
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what region is the urinary bladder and the small intestine in
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hypogastric region
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what region is the initial part of sigmoid colon in
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left iliac region (inguinal)
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What is the anatomical position? And why is it important that you learn this position?
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The position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. knowing the anatomical position is important because directional terms refer to the body as if it is in this position
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The axiliary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located?
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axillary region is the armpit. acromial area is the tip of the shoulder
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whay type of cut would separate the brain into aterior and posterior parts?
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a frontal (coronal ) section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts
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joe went to the emergency room where he complained of severe pains in the lower right quadrant of this abdomen. what might be his problem
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appendicitis
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Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord and heart, which is /are in the dorsal body cavity?
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only the spinal cord
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When you rub your cold hands together, the friction between them results in heat that warms your hands. why doesnt warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs and digestive organs
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As mobile organs work fiction is greatly reduced by the presence of seours flued. seous fluid allows the surrounding serous membranes to glide easily over one another
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two major cavities,
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The main cavities are the posterior cavity and anterior cavity (dorsal and ventral)
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Olecranal
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Back of elbow
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What tow systems are primarily involved in Homeostasis?
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Nervous and Endocrine
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Serous Cavities
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Pleaural, pericardial, peritoneal
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Mesentery
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the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.
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Four types of cells:
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Epithelial cell, Muscle cell, Nerve cell, Connective tissue cell
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Do RBC's reproduce?
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No, they do not have a nucleus.
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What is the Body's Thermostat?
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hypothalamus
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What are the two major divisions of the ventral cavities
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the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity.
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In a negative feedback system, the response of the effector
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reverses the original stimulus.
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___________is perpendicular to the long axis of the region and ___________ is from front to back.
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transverse, horizontal
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In referring to the back of the legs, you could use the term _________ or __________.
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Posterior or Ventral
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In the upper limbs, the _____ side is considered medial and the radial side is considered lateral due to the palms facing forward in the anatomical position.
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ulnar
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True or False. Superior is always towards the highest point in the animal or human when in the standing position.
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False
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Palpatation
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feeling organs with your hands
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Ausultation
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Listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope
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Movement
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Includes all activities promoted by the muscular system
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Responsiveness or excitability
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The ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them - nervous system is most involved with responsiveness
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What is the opposite of medial
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lateral (away from the midline)
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What is the opposite of ventral (anterior)
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Dorsal (posterior)
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What is the opposite of superior (cranial)
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Inferior (caudal)
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What is the opposite of distal
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Proximal (closer to the original of a body part of point of attachment of a limb)
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What is the opposite of superficial (external)
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Deep (internal)
