Flashcards and Answers – Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
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Anatomy
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the study of the structure and the shape of the body parts and their relationships to one another
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Physiology
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the study of how the body parts work or function
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Levels of structural Organization
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atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism
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Integumentary system (Skin)
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covers and waterproofs the body, cushions and protects the deeper tissues, excretes salts and urea in perspiration and helps regulate body temp., and contains temp., pressure and pain receptors.
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Skeletal System (Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints)
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Supports the body and provides framework, protects underlying organs, formation of blood cells, stores minerals
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Muscular System (Skeletal muscle)
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Movement, facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat
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Nervous System (Brain, sensory receptors, spinal cord, nerves)
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The body's fast-acting control center; responds to external and internal changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands
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Endocrine system (Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, ovary)
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
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Cardiovascular System (Heart and blood vessels)
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Heart pumps blood, blood vessels transport blood, which carries nutrients, waste, oxygen and carbon dioxide, etc...
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Lymphatic System (Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and tonsils)
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity.
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Respiratory system (Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and lungs)
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
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Digestive System (Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus)
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
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Urinary System (Kidneys, Ureter, Urinary bladder, and Urethra)
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
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Homeostasis (dynamic state of equilibrium)
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Describes the bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing.
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Anatomical Position
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The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
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superior
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toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
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inferior
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away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
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ventral
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toward or at the front of the body; in front of
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dorsal
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toward or at the backside of the body; on the inner side of
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medial
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toward or at the mid-line of the body; on the inner side of
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lateral
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Away from the mid-line of the body; on the outer side
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proximal
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close to the origin of the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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distal
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farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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superficial
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toward or at the body surface
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deep
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away from the body surface; more internal
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abdominal
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anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
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acromial
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point of shoulder
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antebrachial
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forearm
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antecubital
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anterior surface of elbow
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axillary
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armpit
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brachial
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arm
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buccal
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cheek area
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carpal
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wrist
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cervical
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neck region
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coxal
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hip
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crural
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leg
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deltoid
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curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
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digital
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fingers, toes
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femoral
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thigh
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fibular
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lateral part of the leg
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frontal
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forehead
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inguinal
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area where thigh meets body trunk; groin
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nasal
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nose area
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oral
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mouth
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orbital
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eye area
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patellar
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anterior knee
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pelvic
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area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
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pubic
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genital region
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sternal
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breastbone area
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tarsal
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ankle region
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thoracic
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chest
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umbilical
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navel
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calcaneal
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heel of foot
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cephalic
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head
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gluteal
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buttock
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lumbar
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area of back between ribs and hips
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occipital
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posterior surface of head
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olecranal
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posterior surface of elbow
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popliteal
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posterior knee aea
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sacral
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area between the hips
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scapular
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shoulder blade region
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sural
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the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf
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vertebral
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area of the spine
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plantar region
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the sole of the foot
