HSA Biology Review – Flashcards
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Mitosis
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The dividing of a cell into two equal daughter cells. 2n → 2n.
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Meiosis
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Dividing of cells into 4 different daughter cells. 2n→n. Occurs to produce gametes (eggs and sperm). Crossing over and independent assortment make sure there is lots of variety in the daughter cells.
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Zygote
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The diploid (2n) cell formed when an egg (n) and a sperm (n) get together. The first stage that has 46 chromosomes. The thing formed from fertilization.
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Mutation
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A mutation in the replication of DNA. A change that occurs in a chromosome that is NOT the result of a crossing over.
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Characteristics shared by all cells
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Cell membrane DNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm
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Classification hierarchy (order from most diverse to least diverse)
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Domain Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Great Species Spaghetti
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Cell membrane
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Semi-permeable. Maintains homeostasis. Regulates what goes into and out of the cell. Made of phospholipid bilayer In all cells.
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Ribosomes
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Make proteins. In all cells. Look like little bumps on the rough ER.
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DNA
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A nucleic acid. (The other one is RNA.) Stores genetic information long term. CHROMOSOMES are made of DNA. In all cells.
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Cytoplasm
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The jelly-like substance in ALL cells.
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Prokaryotes
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DO NOT HAVE NUCLEI No membrane bound organelles ALWAYS uni-cellular Bacteria
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Chloroplasts
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Perform photosynthesis Only in eukaryotic cells (know that they are in the leaves of plants). The organelle where photosynthesis occurs. Looks like stacks of coins in an oval. NOTE: Chloroplasts are NOT in bacteria b/c chloroplasts have membranes. Some bacteria carry out photosynthesis, but they do so using chromatophores and other cell parts. The chloroplast is a membrane bound organelle, therefore it cannot be in a prokaryotic cell.
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Photosynthesis
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Occurs in chloroplasts. The sun's energy is used to turn carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose (sugar). If an organism can carry out photosynthesis, it must be an autotroph. Autotroph = able to produce its own food.
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Chlorophyll
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The pigment (color) in chloroplasts that traps the sun's energy for use in photosynthesis.
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Flagella
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Looks like a tail. Can be whipped back and forth to make a cell move. Is on eukaryotes and prokaryotes. "Propels" cells.
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Cilia
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Look like tiny hairs. Is on eukaryotes and prokaryotes. For movement. Propels cells.
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Pseudopods
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"False feet" Only on eukaryotes. For movement AND engulfing (eating)
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Mitochondria
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Make energy (ATP) using oxygen. Only in eukaryotes. Have their own DNA. Used to be their own prokaryotic organism, as did chloroplasts. That's why mitochondria have their own DNA. That's also why you can't have mitochondria in prokaryotes--> they used to BE prokaryotes.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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"Intracellular highway." Smooth ER doesn't have ribosomes Rough ER has ribosomes Only in eukaryotic cells.
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Vacuole
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The "storage tanks" of the cell. Where water and food are stored.
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Central vacuole
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Plants have this. IS HUGE. Stores water and food. When empty, the plant looks limp.
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Vescicle
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A sac in the cell made of plasma membrane. Can be filled with just about anything. If it's filled with enzymes we call it either a lysosome or a peroxisome. Know what endocytosis and exocytosis are and how the vesicle plays into those processes.
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Lysosome
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Contains digestive enzymes that can break things down. Part of the endomembrane system. Digests macromolecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates) so they can be recycled.
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Peroxisome
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Same as lysosomes but contain enzymes that need oxygen to work. Detoxifies. (The liver has lots of these.) NOT part of the endomembrane system (maybe bc it needs to sequester the toxins from the rest of the cell?)
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Nucleus
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Control center of the cell Only in eukaryotic cells Contains the DNA/chromosomes/chromatin/genes (all are the same thing)
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Golgi apparatus
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Where proteins are processed and packaged for export out of the cell. Only in eukaryotic cells.
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How to name an organism
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Genus species
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What all cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) have in common
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Plasma membrane Ribosomes DNA Cytoplasm
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Examples of Eukaryotic Cells
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Plant cells, Animal cells, Fungi, Yeast, Protists.
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Examples of Prokaryotic Cells
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Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria.
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How do you identify a prokaryotic cell?
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NO NUCLEUS No membrane bound organelles. All bacteria are prokaryotic cells.
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How do you identify a plant cell?
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Has a nucleus (b/c is a eukaryotic cell) Has a cell wall (made of cellulose) Has chloroplasts (look like they have piles of coins in them) Has mitochondria (look like bassinettes or pools or ovals with lines)
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How do you identify a protist cell?
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Is unicellular (doesn't really help when looking at just one cell) Has a macro-nucleus and probably a micronucleus Probably has cilia. LOOK FOR THE MACRO-NUCLEUS.
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Solvent
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What the solute is dissolved into. Example, if sugar is dissolved in water, the solvent would be the water. Think of a vent having holes, and you are able to stuff things into it.
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Solute
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What is dissolved into the solvent. Example, if sugar is dissolved in water, the solute would be the sugar.
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Diffusion
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A type of PASSIVE transport. The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Can occur in air, water, or another solvent.
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Osmosis
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Diffusion across a membrane. The water moves to where there are more particles until equilibrium is reached (equal concentration of particles)
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Special Properties of water
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It is polar (partially negative on the oxygen, partially positive on the hydrogens). THE FACT THAT IT IS POLAR LEADS TO ALL THE OTHER SPECIAL PROPERTIES. It is the universal solvent. It is cohesive (it sticks to itself). It is adhesive (it sticks to other things).
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What is polarity?
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Partial negative charge and partial positive charge on the same molecule. Best example: WATER!
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Passive Transport
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Transport that doesn't require/use energy. Examples: Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis
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Active Transport
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Transport that REQUIRES energy.
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Hypotonic Solution
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Has less solute than does the solution next to it.
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Hypertonic solution
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Has more solute than does the solution next to it.
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Isotonic solution
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Has exactly the same amount of solute as the solution next to it.
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What happens if you put a cell in a HYPERtonic solution?
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The water in the cell will move out so the cell will shrink.
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What happens if you put a cell in a HYPOtonic solution?
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The water in the solution will move into the cell so the cell will swell and possibly burst.
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What happens if you put a cell in an isotonic solution?
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Nothing, really.
