question

semasiographic

answer

Sign-based, pictographic system; not derived from speech

question

lexigraphic

answer

Language system based on words.

question

ephemeral

answer

Lasting a short period of time, fleeting.

question

monumental

answer

As opposed to ephemeral, intended to last a long period of time.

question

Around when did writing first emerge with the Akkadians?

answer

3700 BCE

question

Cuneiform

answer

The lexicographic system of the Akkadians. Cuneiform was a wedge-shaped form of writing that was incised into clay with a stylus made of reed or wood or, for more monumental texts, carved into rock with chisels.

question

Kufic and Naskhi

answer

Ancient Arabic scripts

question

Substrate

answer

The material on which a text is composed. Examples include paper, vellum, stone, etc.

question

Medium

answer

The material used to create marks on any given substrate.

question

Format

answer

Mise-en-page; or even mise-en-mug. The arrangement of the text on the substrate

question

Oracle bones are used in China

answer

1200 BCE

question

logophonetic

answer

Refers to a writing system that uses predominantly logographic symbols, but also includes symbols (or elements of the logographic symbols) that represent sound.

question

quipus

answer

A system of knotted cords of different sizes and colors originally thought to only be used by the Incas for keeping records, but may actually be a language system.

question

The Greek alphabet contributes what to language systems?

answer

Symbols to indicate vowel sounds distinct from consonants.

question

Which king supposedly invented parchment?

answer

Pergamum

question

Plato on Writing

answer

Oral Transmission is better than written transmission. It doesn't improve your memory and writing cannot criticize or defend itself.

question

According to Egyptian mythology, who invents writing?

answer

Theuth

question

Phaedrus

answer

character who talks with Socrates

question

Yucca Mountain

answer

only candidate for permanent underground storage site for 70,000 tons of high-level radioactive wastes from commercially operated power plants; mentioned in "A Design Show for the Ages"

question

Earliest attempt to record information

answer

75000BCE

question

Examples of textile communication

answer

Quipus; medieval tapestry

question

envoi

answer

medieval "go little book" trope

question

logographic

answer

A language in which each word is represented by a single symbol, such as the Chinese script.

question

What three things are required for an utterance to have meaning?

answer

language, context/connotation, tacit social knowledge

question

codex

answer

A book, or a group of pages held together so that they can be flipped through.

question

scribe

answer

A person who writes

question

scriptorium

answer

A room, sometimes in a monastery, for writing or copying manuscripts.

question

pagina

answer

the word from which "page" is derived. In it's original sense, it meant the columns in a scroll.

question

Ong

answer

Writing restructures the way that we think, we have interiorized our writing technology so much that it isn't something that we really think about. (Also Orality and Literacy"

question

Multilingual inscriptions (monumental)

answer

Code of Hammurabi, Xanthous Obelisk, Lycian A, Bistoun (Iran 522 BCE, 486 BCE), Rosetta Stone

question

papyrus

answer

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.

question

Advantages of papyrus

answer

cheap, fairly durable, easy to store

question

paratext

answer

notes, marginalia, commentary

question

epitext

answer

the thing outside the text

question

metatext

answer

a text that comments about itself

question

parchment

answer

A paperlike writting material made from the skins of sheep or goats. Stretched and dried, scraped, ruled, pricked, inked. Hair side and flesh side.

question

vellum

answer

Fine parchment prepared from the skin of a young animal e.g. a calf or lamb

question

Darton "What is the History of Books"

answer

The life cycle of the book is deeply intertwined with social history and individual people that make books happen. Lastly, Darnton encourages interdisciplinary and international scholarship to go forth and write about Book history - which may mean collaboration for us as scholars. 1983 (old school). He has a chart thing.

question

Communications Circuit

answer

Darton's model for how a book travels through society. The order is: author, publisher, printer (line from supplier), shipper, bookseller, reader, author. All affected by intellectual, economic, and political influences

question

Adams and Barker

answer

Publish, not creation is the beginning of a book. It seems like they want to distance themselves from pure social history, and say that Darton's weakness is that he "deals with people, rather than the book." Although Adams and Barker don't rely on a specific story of specific people and alliances that Darton does, all of these stages of the book require people to make alliances, create products, ship products, read, and conserve (even if accidentally). Attempt to set up requirements for the study of the book.

question

Bourdieu "The Field of Cultural Production"

answer

Bourdieu argues that cultural production like art and literature is always situated in its social context. MARX Therefore we cannot treat a work of art solely as an object in itself, but we have to consider the other influences that have factored in its creation. The creator (artist, writer, thinker) is a product of her social situation (social class or position), chronology (whether she is older or younger), and "the powers that be" or political/social power in place at that particular time.

question

D.F. McKenzie

answer

McKenzie proposes several ideas in this chapter, saying that if the media affects the message we find in a text, then we can't exclude meaning from form and function of a text. He goes on to describe the three parts of bibliography (the three HoTT requirements) reception, production, and transmission. McKenzie says that the history of books is the history of misreading. The text itself and the production of that text can actually make NEW meaning. McKenzie is saying that divorcing the human from the text is just doing a disservice to bibliography: we cannot get the whole picture with a scientific approach to bibliography.

question

Andrew Robinson "Writing Systems"

answer

Full writing systems must be linked with spoken language

question

degrees of decipherment

answer

an understood script and an understood language an unknown script in an known language an understood script but an unknown language and an unknown script with an unknown language

question

proto-writing

answer

drawings, symbols, cavepaintings

question

rebus principle

answer

Logo-graphic to represent a sounds, not a word. (hieroglyphics)

question

syllabary

answer

a set of written characters each one representing a syllable, examples include Hebrew and Arabic

question

Rongorongo

answer

Writing system of Easter Island. It has never been deciphered

question

Is form incidental

answer

no, always meaningful

question

Darton v. Adams Barker

answer

human agency v. abstractions

question

residual

answer

One medium never replaces another. Ong.

question

bibliographical document

answer

terminology before the word "text" in book history

question

Montreal Spherical Model of textual production

answer

A current revision of the Darton model which includes a three dimensional diagram of how text production works

question

patronage

answer

economic support in exchange for the production of (often flattering) writing.

question

a history of censorship

answer

is a history of everything

question

habitus

answer

Bordieu, a set of preferences we share as social subjects that are related to class position, education and social standing. The sensibility of a particular group.

question

DeHamel

answer

The European Medieval Book

question

Pecia

answer

A system in which book quires could be rented and copied by hand by students. means "piece" in Latin.

question

Marcel Thomas' "Manuscripts"

answer

Marcel Thomas traces, in an extremely detailed and all-encompassing way, the transition in Europe - but particularly France and England - from the "Monastic Age" to the "Secular Age." From the mid-thirteenth century onward, copyists and scribes had to improve and quicken their methods to meet the growing demands of readers, and this eventually led to a standardized mass production of books.

question

Eisenstein/Love Debate

answer

Eisenstein: Printing press as an agent of change Love: Processes of technical innovation/ social adoption are more complex and recursive

question

verso

answer

The left page in a page spread, the back

question

recto

answer

The right page in a page spread, the front

question

Compelatio/Compilator

answer

The act of compiling a text from various sources, sometimes on one theme. The person who performs this act.

question

Sammelband

answer

A random collection of texts, usually complied together by a consumer for economic reasons.

question

exemplar

answer

the text that is divided out and copied by students in the pecia system (or monks in scriptoria), the more perfect textual example.

question

exegetical format

answer

texts worthy of comment: and pages space are composed in this format, surrounded by commentary. Some times the commentary becomes more important than the text itself. Commentary is continuous and can be read separately. This is the ancestor of footnotes.

question

mise-en-page

answer

the arrangement of text or other elements on a page

question

bas-de-page

answer

literally "bottom of the page"

question

haut-de-page

answer

top of the page

question

page/folio/leaf

answer

Leaf = Folio. Page ≠ Leaf. Leaf = Hair and flesh and a total of 4 surfaces (2 hair-side pages and 2 flesh-side pages). (So my notes say...)

question

titre courant

answer

running title

question

rubricated

answer

a manuscript in which some words (usually running titles and initials) have been colorated; mostly in red or blue, but sometimes pink

question

textual glosses

answer

in line texts that comment on the text

question

manicules

answer

tiny little hands drawn in the margins of medieval manuscripts to indicate points of emphasis to the reader

question

Reglure/ Ruling

answer

the pricking or sometimes light drawing with a pencil of the margins of a medieval manuscript

question

Stereotype

answer

A stereotype was a full-size metal duplicate of a typeset form. A plaster cast was first made of the original, typeset form, and then the plaster cast was used to create a single-piece metal copy. This method allowed more expansive production and marketing.

question

Relief

answer

An illustration process in which material is cut away from a surface to leave a protruding line image which is inked and printed onto a sheet of paper using a platen or rotary press.

question

Chainline

answer

The line left on a sheet of laid paper caused by the chain-stitching connecting the mould wires to the rib, typically running parallel to the short side.

question

Countermark

answer

A wire profile sewn into the face of a mould, typically smaller than and on the opposite side to, a watermark.

question

Watermark

answer

A wire profile sewn into the face of a mould.

question

When and where was vegetable fiber paper (the first known type of paper) produced?

answer

Around first century China.

question

When did manuscript books begin to shift from scroll to codex?

answer

1st century AD.

question

When was paper making introduced to Japan from China?

answer

610

question

When was paper sizing introduced in Asia?

answer

Crica 700

question

When did paper sizing strt to take place in Europe?

answer

1337

question

When was copyright established with the Licensing Act in England?

answer

1663

question

When was the daguerreotype first invented?

answer

1833

question

When did alphabetic writing first come into being, and why was it significant for written language?

answer

The origins of an alphabetic writing system emerged somewhat later, sometime between 2000 and 1200 BCE, with the Semitic peoples in the Mediterranean. Their invention in turn led to perhaps the most important development in the Western world, when in about 900 BCE the Greeks adapted a consonant-based Semitic alphabet by adding letters to represent vowel sounds.

question

Disadvantages of papyrus

answer

Can easily be destroyed by environmental elements, especially (and obviously) fire.

question

What were some of the disadvantages of scrolls?

answer

They did not easily allow for simultaneous access to multiple parts of a document.

question

What are illuminations?

answer

The gold, silver, or brilliantly colored graphic features that surround text.

question

What are miniatures?

answer

The illustrations that augment, point to, or comment on the text.

question

Quire

answer

One or more gatherings of text. Or, to collect multiple gatherings into a single binding unit.

question

Why is Caxton significant?

answer

He was England's first printer.

question

What was the first known form of writing?

answer

Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform.

question

What is Benjamin's notion of "aura" and why is it important?

answer

Benjamin discusses aura in the context of the rituals surrounding particular texts. Ritual is one of the key components that imparts the power and aura in a text. This does not need to happen before the aura, but Aura and Ritual follow each other in a cycle. Aura allows an individual work to exist with the traces of the artist in it. The absence of aura seems to be opposed by politics, which comes with mechanical reproduction. Thus, aura is damaged by mechanical reproduction.

question

Why did paper catch on as a substrate for printing texts?

answer

First, it is the only writing material that is almost wholly manufactured: though derived from natural fibers, even handmade paper involves processes that fundamentally transform the original materials into a wholly new substance. Second, paper is wonderfully adaptable: it can be made from a variety of raw materials and a number of processes, and it can be created in an almost infinite number of sizes, colors, textures, and qualities. This adaptability led to paper's being the perfect medium for printing, and thus for the spread of book culture.

question

What 3 major innovations did Gutenburg bring to printing?

answer

(1.) Interchangeable pieces of metal type that could be reused and recycled almost indefinitely. (2.) A "sticky" ink that would adhere to the metal surfaces of his typefaces and transfer images cleanly to paper. (3.) The Gutenberg press—or more properly, the common press—was the basic technology used for printing from Gutenberg's day to the nineteenth century, and it continues as the underlying technology employed in most craft or letterpress printing today.

question

What issues does Patten identify in seeing a book as more than just a book following serialization?

answer

(1.) Serials tend to be authored by a multitude of people, through editing and influence. (2.) They tend to be more fluid in how the engage with and write through genres than books. (3.) Serials tend to be more topical, as they get published in installments as opposed to in a single push without time to reflect throughout the writing process. (4.) Serials interact with a whole lot of folks throughout the process of being designed, and those responses tend to affect later versions of the text, instead of a single-shot release which is understood and criticized all at once.

question

Why was the early magazine market significant to the literary landscape of the early 20th century?

answer

The market for serialized fiction was clearly stronger than that for standalone books. This is made especially clear when West notes that "between 1919 and 1936, F. Scott Fitzgerald earned some $225,784 for his magazine fiction as opposed to only $66,588 for his novels" (371). Thus, authors needed to be aware of how stories might appear in a serialized fashion as they composed, but also how they would exist as a single combined text.

question

When did book publishers begin to be seen as similar to media companies like music and movie industries?

answer

The 1970s and 1980s.

question

What are the steps of the modern publishing process, according to Robinson

answer

(1.) Acquisitions, or signing authors or texts. (2.) ISBNs, or getting the book copywritten and cataloged. (3.) Development, or the editing stages of the book where marketing may begin as well as design. (4.) Copyediting, or the first part of the production phase, focused on editing. (5.) Design, or when the typefaces and layouts for the audience. (6.) The actual typesetting and binding process.

question

What kind of bookseller has been the most prominent throughout the history of book sales?

answer

Independent booksellers. Independent bookstores have been at the heart of the book-buying experience for millennia. However, in recent decades the independents have faced some major challenges. Nearly everyone knows of storefronts that once featured books and are now either empty or taken over by an entirely different kind of business.

question

What does the process of bookselling gain and lose as a result of moving from smaller independent booksellers and publishers to major chains and publishers?

answer

Not easy to provide an answer for, to be sure, but it does mean an interesting mix of depending on certain books to be hits, and the "long tail" of places like Amazon that carry nearly everything making book buying at once a more restricted and open experience. Thus, publishers are less likely to take risks, but some sellers like Amazon will carry almost anything.

question

When do some of the first examples of copyright come from?

answer

One of the first known references to intellectual property protection dates from 500 bc , when chefs in the Greek colony of Sybaris were granted year-long monopolies for creating particular culinary delights.

question

What rights does copyright provide?

answer

(1.) The right to reproduce a work. (2.) The right to adapt derivative works from it. (3.) The right to distribute copies of it. (4.) The right to display it publicly. (5.) The right to perform it publicly.

question

What role does copyright have in the publishing of books?

answer

Outside of the obvious connections to publishers and authors and their works being pirated, protecting the intellectual and literary creations of authors and inventors has a rich history stretching back to the Middle Ages and earlier. In most cases, sociopolitical contexts and economic forces active at the time played an important role in shaping these early rules. Thus, copyright functions as a response to the spread of publishing as a business.

question

paper

answer

a substrate made of cellulose pulp derived mainly from wood or rags or certain grasses

question

moveable-type

answer

Seprate, reusable charaters used for printing.

question

quarto

answer

the relative size of a book whose pages are made by folding a sheet of paper twice to form four leaves

question

octavo

answer

a book whose pages are made by folding a sheet of paper three times to form eight leaves or pages

question

duodecimo

answer

book format in which the sheets are printed so that each sheet, after being folded, produces twelve leaves (24 pages). Also a book printed with this format can be called a twelvemo. 12mo 12°

question

Dondi "European Printing Revolution"

answer

essay on the shift from manuscript to print.

question

Jan-Dirk Muller "The Body of the Book"

answer

investigates the ways in which the metaphor of the book as a body was complicated by the invention of print

question

incipit

answer

the introductory words or opening phrases in the text of a medieval manuscript or an early printed book

question

gathering or quire

answer

A collection or gathering of leaves (often four in Medieval MSS), nested then bound together in groups making up a codex.

question

encadrement

answer

a full frame that is unbroken

question

trique pattern

answer

_________________ _____________ _______ ___

question

heraldry

answer

symbol indicating the right of a person to bear arms

question

deckle

answer

ragged edge of paper

question

imposition

answer

the way the printer sets up the furniture and type to create the pages

question

furniture

answer

In typesetting, this term refers to the wood or metal spacing material that is used to fill extra spaces int he chase around handset type to assist in locking it into place

question

compositor

answer

one who sets written material into type

question

vat-man

answer

the man in papermaking who holds frame

question

slurry or stuff

answer

the fermented goop and rags that is used to maker paper

question

collation

answer

the process of determining the order and arrangement of the quires of any given book. Can be used to determine whether a text is missing leaves

question

Harris "Printed Ephemera"

answer

Print is particularly suited to all types of ephemera, and at one point led to the papering and pamphleting of the buildings along the streets of London's major streets.

question

Love "The Manuscript after the Coming of Print"

answer

The entire gist of this chapter is that manuscripts continued to exist, to be useful, and to sometimes surpass print in its speed, affordability, and appropriateness to content in the age of print.

question

xylography

answer

The act of making art or print using woodprints and blocks to transfer ink.

question

xylography first in China

answer

770

question

Empress Shotuku

answer

One Million Dhahran

question

incunable/ incunabulum

answer

Extant copies of books produced in the earliest stages (before 1501) of printing from movable type.

question

colophons

answer

statements or notices that are sometimes written at the end of manuscripts; the ancestor of the title page. Sometimes included poems

question

frisket

answer

A mask of paper cut out to expose an area while shielding other parts aka templet/template.

question

tympan

answer

the taut cloth or paper mounted in a frame which is placed over the sheet of paper immediately prior to lowering the platen to make the impression.

question

platen

answer

A wooden or metal plate in a printing press designed to press paper against the inked type.

question

Caxton brings the printing press to england

answer

1476

question

catchword

answer

a word or phrase at the bottom of a page that indicates the first word of the nest page. Unknown whether for readers or publishers

question

signature

answer

the letter/number of the quire

question

What was the first book printed in English?

answer

the Recuyell of the Hystoryes of Troye. Printed in 1473 in (francophone) Bruges. She wrote "Mediated Medieval" about this .. high chance it might show up.

question

Why might you find a English woodcut with broken frame or white spaces in the image?

answer

English woodcuts were often hand-me-downs. This indicates that the woodcut is wearing down under the pressure of the press

question

Who was Henry VIII's printer?

answer

Richard Pynson

question

What is a Foudrinier?

answer

Modern paper Roll. (From Dr. Gants's lecture)

question

Gary Taylor "ABCs of Wrighting"

answer

Gary Taylor argues for a new conception of authorship. He problematizes our English readings of Foucault's "What is an Author" and proposes the "artisinal" and "cyborg" as his contribution to the study of authorship. This allows him to talk about collaboration and hiring playwrights. Remember that this is for the Middleton!

question

Plato's defense of ephemerality may have something to do with his ideas about representation. What is Plato's representation theory?

answer

1. The ideal form cannot be grasped (this is the best and primary cream of the crop) 2. Real life is a manifestation of the ideal (and therefore secondary) 3. Art and Poetry are representations of the manifestation (therefore tertiary) and bad.

question

2004 Cologne Papyrus.

answer

New Sappho discovery in last ten years. Poem on a recently discovered papyrus, which was used as packing on the winding sheets of an Egyptian mummy. Obviously it takes a lot of work to make a readable text out of something as fragmentary as this. This would be an example of DEGREES of descipherment

question

You find a really old thing. What are the three ways that you could potentially decipher it?

answer

linguistic decipherment poetic decipherment or material deciph.

question

What is the multistep process of making manuscript illuminations?

answer

1. draw 2. make colors 3. series of artists who do (blue pink green gold last) 4. gold melted, dripped or leafed on.

question

What is the hierarchy of scripts?

answer

1. Chapter division 2. Section 3. Verse Division These divisions produce a structural relationship within the imagined work.

question

What are four types of initials that you may find in an illuminated ms or incunable?

answer

botanomorphic (plant) zoomorphic (animal) anthropomorphic (people) Historiated anthropomorphic (people in history)

question

explicit

answer

Here endeth Chapter 2 and begin....

question

What are some of the highlights of the history of censorship?

answer

According to Ladenson, it begins with Socrates calling for the censorship of poets, as well as Homer. From here, the church became a source of censorship, followed by the government, linking "the development of religious censorship [...] to the invention of movable type" where all works needed to be submitted and approved before publishing. Ladenson goes on to discuss The Society for the Suppression of Vice and their fade into censorship following acts like fighting prostitution.

question

When does Gutenberg invent moveable type and the common press in Germany?

answer

1440s (according to Solveig)

question

Hic incipit paruus Catho

answer

First Illustrated English Book printed by Caxton in Westminster. (It's a schoolbook with pictures of a teacher in it)

question

What is the future for the printed book?

answer

Gardiner and Musto posit three potential futures. (1.) One where computer screens will primarily be used for sampling and searching leaving books largely uninhibited. (2.) Print culture will die. (3.) On-demand printing will reign as king. Naturally, these aren't the only solutions, but ones worth considering if a question about the future of the book is asked. Where do you stand, and why?

question

Relief Printing

answer

...

question

What does publication mean in an age where anyone can be published (especially in online spaces)?

answer

Nunberg, in "Farewell to the Information Age," argues that it's easier than ever to be published... even if the medium/substrate in many cases lacks the prestige it once did. In the end, Nunberg asks us not to get swept away by the promises of future technologies changing things completely. This article further argues that prognostications for the future tend to posit the death of something (like books) that inevitably persists.

question

How has archival work changed in the digital age?

answer

In Graban's article "From Location(s) to Locatability: Mapping Feminist Recovery and Archival Activity through Metadata," she discusses the means by which we can change the perceptions of what kinds of data we save and use to identify texts and authors by modeling her project, the Metadata Mapping Project. Inevitably, Graban argues for using databases as a way to alter how we construct and preserve the works considered "less important" by many traditional ways of establishing and sharing knowledge in the humanities.

question

Why didn't print culture overtake scribal culture in China as quickly as it did in the West?

answer

According to James Mosley, "The reasons for the very limited use of movable types in the East, compared with the rapidity of their adoption in the West, are complex. The high respect accorded to calligraphy in China, Korea, and Japan, the fluidity and complexity of the forms of Chinese characters technologies of print when written by hand, and the very large number of characters probably all contributed" (131-132).

question

What is a lithograph and how does it function?

answer

Lithography, or 'stone writing', was initially conceived as a means of transferring handwritten texts or drawings to paper without the intervention of typesetting or copying by professional engravers.

question

What can you determine about a sheet of paper by holding it up to light?

answer

Fibres, thickness, composition, and impression techniques, among others, emerge from this otherwise incredibly simple method of investigation.

question

When did the book shift from a luxury to something affordable for the majority of the British population?

answer

In 19th-century Britain, commercial and technological innovations changed the economic status of the book from a luxury item to an affordable product for the majority of the population.

question

What does Octave Uzanne predict in "The End of the Book," and why does it matter today?

answer

After discussing the end of mankind and the end of the cares of his peers, Uzanne goes on a tangent about the many ways that books will be replaced by other technologies, and is surprisingly accurate about how they function. On 225 he argues that "the author will become his own publisher," something we see happening more and more with digital sales and publishing taking place. Even in 1894, however, the book's demise was predicted, and it seems to be going strong, building on other readings we've done in making a case for not counting out specific text technologies.

question

Xanthian Obelisk

answer

An important archaeological find pertaining to the Lycian language. Similar to the Rosetta Stone, it has inscriptions both in Greek and in a previously mysterious language: Lycian, which, on further analysis, turned out to be two Luwian languages, Lycian and Milyan. (TRILINGUAL)

question

Letoon Temple Cite

answer

7th C BCE; trilingual inscription on contains texts in Aramaic, Greek and Lycian. This is very important in that it helped expert to decypher the Lycian script.

question

Rosetta Stone

answer

The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion Demotic script, and the lowest Ancient Greek. Key to modern understand Hglyfs.

question

Stationer's Company incorporated in London

answer

1557

question

When did some of the first collections of books start materializing?

answer

De Hamel suggests that the first collections of books, seen in Section 3 of his text, began happening circa 1073-1085 when libraries began to crop up.

question

Why did 12th century texts begin integrating annotations to help readers understand the text?

answer

This was largely due to the same kinds of textual inundation we have today— the sheer volume of texts produced and lack of time to consume them all. This was reflected in the kinds of texts produced in the 12th century, featuring annotations for quick reading and understanding, something that feels shockingly modern.

question

What does McKenzie argue about how we conceive of bibliographies?

answer

McKenzie pushes for redefining bibliography and "including all forms of texts" (37), as well as the push towards texts being defined as "any computer-stored data." Thus, we should try to trace "the human presence in any recorded text" (45)

HOTT – Flashcard

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards