HOSA Epidemiology – Flashcards
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Bias
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A flaw in either the study, design, or data analysis that leads to an erroneous result.
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Case Fatality Rate (CFR)
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A mathematical quantity that describes the severity of a disease; usually applied to acute diseases. It is the proportion of persons diagnosed with a disease who actually die from the disease during the period of observation.
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CFR Formula
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# dying from disease Y in population P -------------------------------- # with disease Y in population P
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Comparison of Rates
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A measure of incidence or occurrence of a disease in a population.
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Rate Difference Formula
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(rate of disease Y among those exposed to X) - (rate of disease Y among those NOT exposed to X)
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Relative Risk Formula
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Rate of Y among those exposed to X ---------------------------------- Rate of Y among those NOT exposed to X
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Incidence Formula
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# develop disease Y in pop. P in time T -------------------------------- # in pop. P
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Precision
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Refers to the degree to which there is variation in a measurement.
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Accuracy
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Refers to the degree to which the measurement is, on average, correct.
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Population Controls
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Serve as the references against which cases are compared.
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Mortality
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Refers to death; death rates.
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Morbidity
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used to refer to illness; rates of illness.
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Exposure
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Generic term for the effective presence of any agent or factor that is thought to cause a disease. Ex: toxic chemical, dietary habits, activity levels, microorganisms.
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Endemic
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Baseline incidence rate in a pop; at ay point in time, people are acquiring a given disease in the pop. Ex: flu rate
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Epidemic
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A greater incidence of the disease in a pop. than would normally have been expected; greater than endemic or baseline incidence.
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Disease Transmission
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Describes the process of the spreading of a disease through a population; "Who got it & how did it spread?"
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Contingency Table
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Often used to show the relationship between disease and exposure; used to divide persons into the categories of diseased & exposed (A), diseased & NOT exposed (B), NOT diseased & exposed (C), NOT disease & NOT exposed (D).
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Contingency Table Example
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Exposure | | YES | NO | Disease| YES | A | B | | NO | C | D |
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Confounding
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A "mixing of effects;" When a factor (X) causes disease (Y), that relationship could be confounded by a factor (C), that is associated with both X & Y. C could also be an alternative explanation for the relationship between X & Y.
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Conditional Probability
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The probability of an event given the occurrence of another event; the probability of disease (Y) given exposure to factor (X).
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Prevalence
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A mathematical quantity that describes the presence of a disease (Y) in a population (P); proportion of persons in the population (P) with disease (Y).
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Prevalence Formula
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# with Y in P ------------ # in P
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Incidence
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A mathematical quantity that describes the occurrence of a disease (Y) in a population (P); proportion of persons in the pop. (P) who newly develop the disease (Y) within a given time period (t).
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Incidence Formula
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# who develop Y in P at a given time (t) --------------------------------- # in P
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Racial & Ethnic Health Disparities
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Used to describe differences in disease rates by rates or ethnicity. Ex: sickle cell anemia in African Americans
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Relative Risk
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aka (MA): Common Measures of Association; any mathematical measure that is used to quantify the association between two or more variables.
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Attributable Risk (AR)
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a group of measures which describe the amount of disease risk that can be attributed to a given factor (X). Ex: Attributable Fraction
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Attributable Fraction (AF)
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the proportion of disease (Y) in the population (P) that can be attributed to factor (X).
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AF Formula
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[(incidence in P)-(incidence in unexposed)] ----------------------------------- (incidence in P)
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Screening
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the process of early diagnosis of a disease; identification of disease or risk factors for the disease in its pre-symptomatic or pre-clinical stage. Ex: cervical cancer screening.
