Hope College Psychology 100 U4 Exam
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Motivation
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a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
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Instinct
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complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned; shaped by evolution
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Need
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physiological or psychological requirement; food, water, oxygen, sleep sex
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Drive
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motivation to satisfy need, push
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intrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
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extrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
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drive reduction theory
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
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homeostasis
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tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state (body chemistry, temperature, fluid level, etc)
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incentive
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PULL; positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior; contrasts with drive
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optimum arousal
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Yerke's Dodson law predicts the level of motivation that will produce the highest level of performance on each type of task
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
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A law stating that effective performance is more likely if the level of arousal is suitable for the activity.
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization; some needs take priority
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Hunger
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the natural physical drive to eat, prompted by the body's need for food
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glucose
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the form of sugar that circulates in the blood; major source of energy for body tissues; when level low, we feel hunger
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insulin
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high glucose level leads to release; lowers glucose by converting it to stored fat
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Set point
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the point at which an individual's \"weight thermostat\" is supposedly set; influenced by amount of fat in cells; when below this weight, increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore weight
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Basal metabolic rate
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body's base rate of energy expenditure
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hypothalamus
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controls eating and other body maintenance functions
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ghrelin
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hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends \"I'm hungry\" signals to the brain
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insulin
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A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
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PYY
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digestive tract hormone; sends message to brain saying \"FYI, I'm not hungry! Stop eating!\"
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leptin
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A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.
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neophobia
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fear of new things (food)
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physiological arousal
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changes in heart rate, GSR, breathing, blood pressure
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expressive reactions
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gestures and facial expressions
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conscious experiences
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feelings and thoughts
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
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Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: 1) physiological responses 2)subjective experience of emotion
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Schacter's Two Factor Theory of Emotion
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To experience emotion, one must: 1) be physically aroused 2)cognitively label the arousal (appraisal of event)
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Zajonc-LeDoux Perspective on Emotion
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Experience of emotion flows directly from perception of stimulus, before cognitive labeling (appraisal) can occur
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Lazarus Perspective on Emotion
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Experience of emotion always follows appraisal, but appraisal could occur below the level of conscious awareness
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polygraph
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machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies; measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (perspiration, heart rate, blood pressure, galvanic skin response.
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amygdala
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neural key to fear learning
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catharsis
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Emotional release
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catharsis hypothesis
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releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges
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feel-good, do-good phenomenon
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people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
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subjective well-being
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self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life
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adaptation-level phenomenon
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tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level
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relative deprivation
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perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
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stress
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the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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burnout
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physical, emotional and mental exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress
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general adaptation sydrome
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Hans Selye
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psychophysiological illness
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literally, \"mind-body\" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
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hypochondriasis
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a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
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B lymphocytes
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form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
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cortisol
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A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys; it is secreted in response to stress and helps trigger the changes of the fight or flight response, including increased blood glucose, altered immune function, and reduction in nonessential body functions. MAIN CULPRIT
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T lymphocytes
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form in thymus and attack cancer cells, viruses,and foreign substances
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type A
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people who are competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger-prone
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type B
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easygoing, relaxed people
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biofeedback
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system for electronically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
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social psychology
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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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attribution
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tendency to give a casual explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or person's disposition
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fundamental attribution error
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tendency for observers when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation
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attitude
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belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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cognitive dissonance theory
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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
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tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request; they dissonance
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conformity
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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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autokinetic effect
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stationary light appears to move
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Asch's line
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Conformity was mostly due to normative social influence (as opposed to informational) but both types occurred
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norm
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understood rule for accepted and expected behavior
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role
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set of expectations about a social position
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normative social influence
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conforming in order to fit the norm, to avoid being different, to gain approval
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informational social influence
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conforming because you have accepted others' opinions about reality
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Milgram's obedience experiment
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majority of people delivered \"fatal\" level of shock when ordered to do so by a high-status experimenter
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social facilitation
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improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with well-learned or simple tasks but not with tasks that are difficult
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social loafing
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tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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deindividualization
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loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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group polarization
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enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group
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groupthink
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mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
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prejudice
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an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members; involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and predisposition to discriminatory action
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stereotype
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a generalized (often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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ingroup
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\"us\" people with whom one shares a common identity
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outgroup
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\"them\" those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup
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ingroup bias
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tendency to favor one's own group
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scapegoat theory
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prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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just-world phenomenon
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tendency to believe the world is just; therefore, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
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aggression
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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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frustration-aggression principle
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principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
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conflict
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perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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social trap
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situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
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mere exposure effect
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repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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passionate love
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aroused state of intense positive absorption in another; usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
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companionate love
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deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
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altruism
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unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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bystander effect
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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are nearby
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social exchange theory
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our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
