Honors World History Ch. 14 – Flashcards
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militant
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combative
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Calvinism and Catholicism
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two highly militant religions
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struggle for converts
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chief cause of the religious wars that plagued Europe in the 16th century
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French Wars of Religion
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the most shattering 16th century religious war; Catholics vs. Protestants
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Huguenots
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French Protestants influenced by John Calvin; 7% of French population
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house of Bourbon
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included in the Huguenot nobles; ruled the southern French kingdom of Navarrre and stood next to the Valois dynasty in the royal line of succession
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Valoios
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strongly Catholic monarchy
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ultra-Catholics
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an extreme Catholic party that opposed the Huguenots
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Henry of Navarre
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the political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Burboun dynasty who, in 1589, succeeded the throne as Henry IV; converted to Catholicism
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Edict of Nantes
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an edict issued by Henry IV that recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France but also gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges
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King Philip
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the greatest supporter of militant Catholicism in the second half of the 16th century; king of Spain; son and heir of Charles V; age of Spanish greatness
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consolidate inherited lands
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the first major goal of Philip II; included Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, and Americas
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Catholic conformity and monarchical authority
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Philip II used these to strengthen his control
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Spain
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expelled the Jews in its country and saw itself as a nation of people chosen by God to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics
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Philip II
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the Most Catholic King
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Philip II
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1. Holy league against Turks 2. Battle of Lepanto in 1571 3. Lost to Elizabeth
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Spanish Netherlands
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one of the richest parts of Philip's empire
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William the Silent
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the prince of Orange who led the Dutch in the growing resistance
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United Provinces of the Netherlands
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the northen provinces that became the core of the modern Dutch state
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Dutch Republic
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the nickname for the 17th century since the United Provinces held center stage as one of Europe's greatest powers
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Spain
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had the most populous empire in the world at Philip's ending reign in 1598
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Spain's problems
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1. Empty treasury 2. Bankruptcy from war 3. Out-of-date army 4. Inefficient government
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Elizabeth Tudor
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ascended the throne in 1558 when England had fewer than 4 million people; England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe during her reign
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Act of Supremacy
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named Elizabeth the only supreme governor of church and state; Protestant
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balancing power
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how Elizabeth kept Spain and France from becoming too powerful
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armada
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a fleet of warships
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1588
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date of Spanish Armada
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Philip II
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ordered preparations for the Spanish Armada to invade England in 1588
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Scotland and Ireland
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where the Spanish Armada shipwrecked
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inflation
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rising prices caused by influx of gold and silver from Americas and a growing population that increased the demand for land and food
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imported silver
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the center of Spain's economy
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Spain's economic crisis
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1. mines producing less silver 2. pirate attacks on fleets 3. loss of Muslim & Jewish aritisans/merchants
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Italy
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the fincancial center of Europe in the Renaissance that declined economically
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population
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grew in Europe in the 16th century
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warfare, plague, famine
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led to European population decline
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witchcraft
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magic that led to the execution of common single or widowed women over the age of 50
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sabbats
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nightly gatherings where witches feasted and danced
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Peace of Ausburg
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caused religious disputes in Germany because Calvinism was not recognized
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Thirty Years' War
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last of the religious wars; the most destructive conflict that Europeans had yet experienced
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Holy Roman Empire
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where the Thirty Years' War began in 1618; Haspburg Holy Roman emperors vs. Calvinist Bohemian nobles
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30
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the number of years Germany was plundered for after the Thirty Years' War
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Peace of Westphalia
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ended the Thirty Years' War in Germany in 1648; stated that all German states could determine their own religion; independent states in the Holy Roman Empire
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France
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emerged as the dominant European nation in the Peace of Westphalia
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English Revolution
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the most famous struggle in Europe; between king and Parliament to determine what role each should play in governing England
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James I
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began the Stuart line of rulers; Elizabeth's cousin; king of Scotland
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divine right of kings
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the belief held by James I and Charles I that the kings receive power from God and are responsible only to God
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Puritans
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Protestants in England inspired by Calvinism
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Puritan gentry
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formed an important part of the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament
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Charles I
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son of James I; tired to impose more ritual on the Church of England
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Cavaliers or Royalists
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supporters of the king
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Roundheads
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the parliamentary forces
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Oliver Cromwell
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the military genius who led the New Model Army; purged Parliament of any members who didn't support him; military dictatorship and commonwealth
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New Model Army
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made up chiefly of more extreme Puritans
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Independents
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extreme Puritans who believed they were doing battle for God
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Rump Parliament
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what was left after Cromwell cleaned out Parliament
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commonwealth
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a republic
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Charles II
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the person in whom Parliament restored the monarchy; son of Charles I; sympathetic to Catholicism
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James II
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brother of Charles II; open and devout Catholic
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Mary and Anne
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James II's Protestant female successors/daughters
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son
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born to James II in 1688 and led to possibility of a Catholic monarchy
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William of Orange
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Mary's husband; James II's son-in-law; invited to invade England and did so without bloodshed; Bill of Rights
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Glorious Revolution
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named this because there was almost no bloodshed and Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary
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Bill of Rights
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set up by William and Mary 1. established Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes 2. armies could only be raised with Parliament's consent 3. right to jury and to bear arms 4. freely elected Parliament and rule of law 5. foundation for constitutional monarchy
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Toleration Act
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in 1689 granted Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship
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absolutism
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a system in which a ruler holds total power; tied to divine right of kings
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Louis XIV
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the best example of the practice of absolutism in history; French culture, language, manners, diplomacy, and wars
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Louis XIII's chief minister who strengthened the power of the monarchy by taking away the political and military rights of the Huguenots and setting up a network of spies
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Sun King
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Louis XIV's nickname for himself; the source of all for all his people; complete authority over the treaditional areas of royal power
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central policy-making
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one of the keys to Louis's power was controlling this
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Versailles
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1. the personal household of the king 2. location of chief offices of state 3. favors from subjects
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Louis XIV
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ordered destruction of Huguenot churches
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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Louis XIV's controller-general of finances; sought to increase wealth and power of France by the ideas of mercantilism
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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1. granted subsidies to new industries 2. built roads and canals 3. raised tariffs on foreign goods
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Prussia and Austra
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two of the "Germanies" who emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries as great European powers
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Frederick William the Great Elector
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laid the foundationf for the Prussian state; made an army that made the Prussian army the 4th largest in Europe; General War Commissariat
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General War Commissariat
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set up by Frederick William to levy taxes for the army and oversee its growth; the elector's chief instrument to govern the state
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Junkers
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the Prusssian landed aristocracy
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Austrian lands
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the core of the new Austrian Empire; no common sentiment to tie them together
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Ivan IV
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the first ruler to take the title of czar; known for ruthless deads
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czar
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the Russian word for caesar
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boyars
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Russian nobility
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Time of Troubles
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period of anarchy after Ivan's rule
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Michael Romanov
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the czar who ended the Time of Troubles
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Zemsky Sabor
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the Russian national assembly
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Peter the Great
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one the most prominent members of the Romanov dynasty; determined to Westernize Russia; eager to borrow European technology
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reorganize army
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one of Peter's first goals
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Peter's western customs
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1. first Russian etiquette book 2. shaved beards and shortened coats 3. upper-class women's rights 4. social gender mixing
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open a windo to the west
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Peter's goal to having a port with ready access to Europe
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St. Petersburg
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Peter's window to the West; Russia's capital until 1918
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mannerism
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emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation; elongated figures
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El Greco
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mannerism reached its high point in the work of this man
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El Greco
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"the Greek" from Crete who used elongated and contorted figures, portraying them in unusual shades of yellow and green against an eerie background of stormy grays
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baroque
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began in Italy in the 16th century and used complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements; accepted by Catholics
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Madrid, Prague, Vienna, Brussels
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Catholic courts that had baroque style
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Gian Lorenzo Bernini
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the greatest figure of the baroque period; Italian architect and sculpture; completeed St. Peter's Basilica
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Artemisia Gentileschi
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a painter who painted a series of pictures of heroines from the Old Testament
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Elizabethan Era
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a cultural flowering in England in 16th and 17th centuries
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Shakespeare
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the most famous dramatist; Globe theater; Blackfriars
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Lope de Vega
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set the standard for playwrights; wrote 1500 plays
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Miguel de Cervantes
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wrote Don Quixote
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Don Quixote
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shows the conviction between a knight and his squire of hard work of reality
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Thomas Hobbes
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wrote Leviathan; thought humans were guided not by reason and moral ideals but by a ruthless struggle for self-preservation
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Leviathan
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written by Hobbes, a work on political thought to try to deal with problems of disorder
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John Locke
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wrote Two Treatises of Government; believed humans lived in a state of equality and freedom rather than a state of war; ideas found in Constitution and Declaration of Independence
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natural rights
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rights to which people were born; life, liberty, and property
