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Homestead Act

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1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

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Granger Movement

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1867 - Nation Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. A group of agrarian organizations that worked to increase the political and economic power of farmers. They opposed corrupt business practices and monopolies, and supported relief for debtors. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Progressive Party

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Indian Appropriations Act

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1851 - The U.S. government reorganized Indian land and moved the Indians onto reservations.

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Chivington Massacre

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November 28, 1861 - Colonel Chivington and his troops killed 450 Indians in a friendly Cheyenne village in Colorado.

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Battle of Little Big Horn

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1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

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Chief Joseph

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Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.

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Battle of Wounded Knee

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1890 - The Sioux, convinced they had been made invincible by magic, were massacred by troops at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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A muckracker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

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Dillingham Commission Report

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1911 - Congressional commission set up to investigate demands for immigration restriction. It's report was a list of complains against the "new immigrants."

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Jane Adams Hull House

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Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

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Chinese Exclusion Law 1882

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Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration of Chinese. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immagrants who would work for less pay.

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American Protective Association

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A Nativist group of the 1890s which opposed all immigration to the U.S

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James Bryce

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Opposed the Nativist sentiment and promoted the "melting pot" idea of American culture.

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Frank Llod Wright

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Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

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Anthony Comstock (1844-1915)

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Social reformer who worked against obscenity

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Social Darwinism

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Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

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Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)

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Carnegie was an American millionaire and philanthropist who donated large sums of money for public works

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The Gospel of Wealth

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Andrew Carnegie's book which argued that the wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.

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Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

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British, developed a system of philosophy based on the theory of evolution, believed in the primacy of personal freedom and reasoned thinking. Sought to develop a system whereby all human endeavours could be explained rationally and scientifically.

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Social Gospel

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A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

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Chautauqua Movement

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One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.

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Morril Act

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1862 - Set aside public land in each state to be used for building colleges.

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Hatch Act 1887

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1887 - Provided for agricultural experimentation stations in every state to improve farming techniques.

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Edward Bellamy

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1888 - Utopian novel which predicted the U.S. woudl become a socialist state in which the government would own and oversee the means of production and would unite all people under moral laws.

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"Gilded Age"

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A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

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Nouveau Riche

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French for "new rich." Refered to people who had become rich through business rather than through having been born into a rich family. The nouveau riche made up much of the American upper classof the late 1800s

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Dawes Severalty Act, 1887

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Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian proverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators

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