HOA 2: Intro to Renaissance Architecture and Italian Renaissance – Flashcards
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Renaissance architecture
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reintroduction of Classic architecture all over Europe, in the 15th & 16th cent.
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Italy, France, Germany, Holland, Spain and England
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Countries of Renaissance Architecture
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- symmetry - proportion - geometry - regularity of parts
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Emphasis of Renaissance Style
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- columns - pilasters and lintels - semi-circular arches - hemispherical domes and - niches
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Profile replaced by Renaissance architecture from medieval buildings
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16th Century
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economic and political ascendancy of France and Spain, and then later of Holland, England, Germany and Russia.
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Countries import the Renaissance style
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indicators of new cultural position
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1500
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signs of Renaissance architectural style began to appear outside Italy
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- Sebastiano Serlio in France - Aristotle Fioravanti in Russia - Francesco Fiorentino in Poland
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Italian architects
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- Philibert de l'Orme in France - Juan Bautista de Toledo in Spain - Inigo Jones in England - Elias Holl in Germany
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non-Italian architectects
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- Proto-Baroque - Palladian - Baroque - Rococo or Late Baroque
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Development of Renaissance
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Proto-Baroque
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- Michelangelo ; Bernini as not fully developed Baroque - Churches are typified by wide naves ; low ceilings crowned by high cupolas (domes).
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Palladian
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- by Andrea Palladio - round arch flanked by 2 small square-headed openings
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Baroque
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opulent and dramatic with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation
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Rococo or Late Baroque
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ornate, florid, and playful
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- square, symmetrical appearance - proportions based on a module - towers are sparingly used
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Plans in Renaissance Architecture
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module
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width of an aisle
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dome
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predominant feature
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- ashlar masonry laid in horizontal courses - materials in large blocks and rusticated (impression of dignity) - window top pediment - Fac?ade pediments
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Walls of Renaissance Architecture
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quoins
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- Rusticated wall angles - appearance of strength
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Fac?ade pediments
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low-pitched or semi-circular
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Skylines
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horizontal cornices give simplicity of outline
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Openings
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arcades, doors and windows spanned by semi- circular arches
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- Semi-circular vaults - Closed timber roofs
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Roofs in Renaissance
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- Classic orders - Standardized proportions - Rusticated shafts
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Columns
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Mouldings
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projecting horizontal cornices cast deep shadows
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dentil
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chief decorative feature employed in the bedmould by the Romans and in the Italian Renaissance
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- Classical mythology - Pagan subjects - Fresco painting
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Motifs of Ornaments
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- Carefully executed - Fine craftsmanship
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Characteristics of Ornaments
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Italy
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never fully adopted the Gothic style
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Inspiration to artists (Specially Rome)
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ancient architectural remains showing the ordered Classical style
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Black Death
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wiped out a third of Europe's population
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Labour Shortage
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Effect of Black death
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- increased wages - reduced population - wealthier, better fed, and, significantly, had more surplus money
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Effects of labour shortage
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new demand for products and services
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helped create a growing class of bankers, merchants, and skilled artisans.
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- horrors of the Black Death - seeming inability of the Church to provide relief
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contribute to a decline of church influence
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Pope Nicholas V
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- great transformation - pontiff in 1447 - dramatic rebuilding effort
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Florence, Venice and Naples
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extended their power in the 15th century making the movement of artists possible
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Florence
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Have significant artistic influence in Milan, and through Milan, France
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Medici
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- Italian banking family, political dynasty and later royal house - gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in Florence - bring Florence under their power - environment where art and humanism could flourish - wealthiest family in Europe for a time
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Medici Bank
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one of the most prosperous and most respected institutions in Europe
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sponsorship of art and architecture
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biggest accomplishments of the Medici
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Medici
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responsible for the majority of Florentine art
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Europe
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gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in the works of Byzantine and Islamic scholars
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movable type printing
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- ideas could be disseminated easily - increasing number of books were written
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development of oil paint
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lasting effects on the art of painting
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Humanism
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reading of philosophies that were not based on Christian theology led to this; role of Man to establish and maintain order in Society.
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italian polymath; prime exemplar of the "Universal Genius" or "Renaissance Man"; individual of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination"
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Florence, Rome and Venice.
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3 great distinctive cities of Renaissance in Italy
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-Stateliness -Classical horizontality
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Characteristics of Italian Renaissance
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Early Renaissance (Quattrocento)
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- architectural order - Classical detail and ornamentation - leading architects: Brunelleschi, Michelozzo and Alberti - Space
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Space
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element of architecture; proportional logic; form and rhythm subject to geometry
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Michelozzo Michelozzi
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Italian architect and sculptor; Medici architect who was extensively employed by Cosimo de' Medici; pupil of Lorenzo Ghiberti; collaborated with Donatello
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Leon Battista Albert
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- Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer - epitomized the Renaissance Man
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De re aedificatoria (On the Art of Building)
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- classic architectural treatise written by Leon Battista Alberti - largely dependent on Vitruvius's De architectura - first theoretical book on the subject written in the Italian Renaissance - first printed book on architecture
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Lineaments
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Book One
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Materials
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Book Two
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Construction
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Book Three
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Public Works
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Book Four
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Works of Individuals
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Book Five
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Ornament
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Book Six
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Ornament to Sacred Buildings
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Book Seven
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Ornament to Public Secular Buildings
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Book Eight
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Ornament to Private Buildings
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Book Nine
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Restoration of Buildings
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Book Ten
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Filippo Brunelleschi
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- Italian designer and a key figure in architecture - first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor - one of the founding fathers of the Renaissance - technique for linear perspective - built the dome of the Florence Cathedral
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Filippo Brunelleschi
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Wanted to "reinforce Christian spiritual reality"; linear perspective governed pictorial depiction of space
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High Renaissance
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- concepts from classical antiquity - most representative architect is Bramante - age of Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael
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Bramante
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expanded the applicability of classical architecture to contemporary buildings
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Donato Bramante
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introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome
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Tempietto (San Pietro in Montorio)
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marked the beginning of the High Renaissance in Rome; by Bramante
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Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
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- Farnese Palace, "the grandest palace of this period",
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"Raphael" Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
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admired for clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur
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"Raphael", Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
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traditional trinity of great masters
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Mannerism
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- architectural forms emphasize solid and spatial relationships - led to the Baroque style
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Baldassare Peruzzi
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architect and painter born in Siena, but working in Rome; bridges the High Renaissance and the Mannerist; architect to the Republic
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Villa Farnesina
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regular monumental cube of two equal stories, the bays being strongly articulated by orders of pilasters; by Peruzzi
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Giulio Romano
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stylistic deviations from high Renaissance classicism helps define the 16th-century style known as Mannerism
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Michelangelo
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Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art; contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man
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Andrea Palladio
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Italian architect active in the Republic of Venice; different perspective on the notion of Classicism
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Palladio (Palladian Architecture)
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influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered to be the most influential individual
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I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture),
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architectural treatise of Palladio; rules others could follow
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First Book
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studies of decorative styles, classical orders, and materials
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Second book
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Palladio's town and country house designs and classical reconstructions
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Third book
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bridge and basilica designs, city planning designs, and classical halls
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Fourth Book
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information on the reconstruction of ancient Roman temples
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Baroque
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Proto-Renaissance style
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symmetrical, compact, rectilinear, formal and grand.
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Plans of Italian Renaissance (Features)
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severe and rusticated
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Walls of Italian Renaissance (Features)
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arches supported on piers faced with columns.
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Arcades of Italian Renaissance (Features)
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Astylar fac?ade
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wall treatment without columns (Features)
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Low-pitched roofs
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hidden by balustrades (Features)
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Pilaster strips
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used; marble often appear as points of special interest (Features)
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Orders
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superimposed in tiers
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Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan and Composite orders
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Columns
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Domes
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crowned with lanterns
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Coffered ceilings
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Ceiling of Italian Renaissance (Features)
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Moldings
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classical, refined, original and intricate (Features)
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Domes
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crowned with lanterns
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Coffered ceilings
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Ceiling of Italian Renaissance (Features)
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Moldings
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classical, refined, original and intricate (Features)
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Domes
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crowned with lanterns
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Coffered ceilings
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Ceiling of Italian Renaissance (Features)
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Florence, Rome and Venice.
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3 great distinctive cities of Renaissance in Italy
