HLTH 231-Test 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Addiction
answer
Continued involvement with a substance or activity despite its ongoing negative consequences
question
Tolerance
answer
Progressively larger doses of a drug or more intense involvement in a behavior are needed to produce the desired effects
question
Withdrawal
answer
A series of temporary physical and psychological symptoms that occur when an addict abruptly abstains from an addictive chemical or behavior
question
Physiological Dependence
answer
Dependency of the mind on a substance or behavior that can lead to psychological withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, irritability, or cravings
question
Psychological Dependence
answer
The adaptive state of brain and body processes that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawal if the addictive behavior stops
question
Compulsion
answer
Preoccupation with a behavior and an overwhelming need to perform it
question
Obsession
answer
Excessive preoccupation with an addictive substance or behavior
question
Loss of Control
answer
Inability to predict reliably whether any isolated occurrence of the behavior will be healthy or damaging
question
Negative Consequences of Addiction
answer
Physical damage, legal trouble, financial problems, academic failure, or family dissolution, which do not occur with healthy involvement in any behavior
question
Denial
answer
Inability to perceive or accurately interpret the self-destructive effects of an addictive behavior
question
Habit
answer
A repeated behavior in which the repetition may be unconscious, can be broken
question
Codependence
answer
A self-defeating relationship pattern in which a person helps or encourages addictive behavior in another
question
How is Codependence defined?
answer
lack of ability to set boundaries, Living in a chaotic, crisis-oriented mode, Assuming responsibility for meeting others' needs to the point of subordinating own needs or even being unaware of personal needs (let their own needs be sacrificed)
question
Enablers
answer
Knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the consequences of their behavior
question
Process Addictions
answer
Dependent on (addicted to) some mood-altering behavior or process. Examples: Gambling, Compulsive buying, Compulsive exercise, Compulsive Internet or technology use
question
Disordered Gambling
answer
A set of behaviors including: Preoccupation with gambling, Unsuccessful efforts to cut back or quit, Using gambling to escape problems, Lying to family members to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling. Biological component
question
How many people in the US are compulsive gamblers?
answer
2 million, 6 million more considered to be "at risk" to develop gambling addiction
question
Compulsive Buying Disorder
answer
Shopping is often used as a way to make people feel better about themselves, but for some people it becomes compulsive buying disorder
question
Symptoms of Compulsive Buying Disorder
answer
Buying more than one of the same item, Keeping items in the closet with tags attached, Repeatedly buying more than is needed or can be afforded, Hiding purchases from relatives and loved ones
question
Exercise Addiction Warning Signs
answer
Always works out alone, following the same rigid pattern. Exercises for more than 2 hours daily, repeatedly, and when sick or injured. Focuses on weight loss or calories burned. Exercises to the point of pain and beyond. Skips work, class, or social activities for workouts.
question
Internet Addiction
answer
Compulsive use of the computer, PDA, cell phone, or other form of technology to access the Internet for activities such as e-mail, games, shopping, and blogging.
question
How many internet users are considered addicted?
answer
1 in 8
question
What % of college students report that Internet use and computer games have interfered with academic performance?
answer
11
question
Drugs
answer
Nonfood, nonnutritional substances that are intended to affect the structure or function of the mind or body through chemical action
question
Drug Misuse
answer
Use for purpose not intended
question
Drug Abuse
answer
Excessive use
question
What % of Americans report being currently addicted?
answer
9
question
By late adolescence, what % have used an illicit drug?
answer
42
question
What % of high school students have taken a prescription without doctor supervision?
answer
21
question
What is the brains "pleasure circuit"?
answer
mesolimbic dopamine system
question
Neurotransmitter
answer
A chemical that relays messages between nerve cells or from nerve cells to other body cells
question
Psychoactive Drugs
answer
Affect brain chemistry and have the potential to alter mood or behavior
question
Prescription
answer
Obtained only with a prescription from a licensed physician (ex: painkillers)
question
Over-the-counter (OTC)
answer
No prescription needed
question
Recreational
answer
Most are legal substances
question
Herbal Preparations
answer
Products of plant origin
question
Illicit (Illegal)
answer
All are psychoactive
question
Commercial
answer
Found in commercially sold products
question
Oral Ingestion
answer
Through the mouth
question
Inhalation
answer
Through the respiratory tract
question
Injection
answer
Into the body via a hypodermic needle
question
Intravenous
answer
into bloodstream (most common, quick effect. Also most dangerous)
question
Intramuscular
answer
into muscle
question
Subcutaneous
answer
just under the skin
question
Transdermal
answer
Through the skin (absorb through skin, ex: niccotine patch)
question
Suppositories
answer
Mixtures of drugs and a waxy medium designed to melt at body temperature after being inserted into the anus or vagina
question
Polydrug Use
answer
Use of multiple medications, vitamins, recreational drugs, or illicit drugs simultaneously
question
Synergism (Potentiation)
answer
Interaction of two or more drugs that produces more profound effects than would be expected if the drugs were taken separately
question
Inhibition
answer
Effects of one drug are reduced or eliminated by the presence of another at the same receptor site
question
Antagonism
answer
Drugs work at same receptor site so that one drug blocks the action of another
question
Intolerance
answer
When two or more drugs combine to produce extremely uncomfortable reactions
question
Cross-Tolerance
answer
Development of a tolerance for one drug creates a similar reaction to another, similar drug
question
What % of college students reported trying any drug; the vast majority used marijuana?
answer
over 50
question
What are college offices concerned about?
answer
the link between substance abuse and poor academic performance
question
Why Do Some College Students Use Drugs?
answer
Positive expectations, Genetics and family history, Substance use in high school (2/3 of addicts began using a substance in high school), Mental health problems, Sorority and fraternity membership
question
Why Don't Some College Students Use Drugs?
answer
Parental attitudes and behavior, Religion and spirituality, Student engagement, College athletics (more likely to drink but less likely to use illegal drugs), Healthy social network (espicaly when it encourages to nto use drugs)
question
Stimulants
answer
Increase activity of the central nervous system
question
Cocaine
answer
Binds to receptor sites in central nervous system, producing intense pleasure; euphoria quickly subsides
question
Method use of Cocaine
answer
Snorting, Smoking, Injecting, Freebase, Crack
question
Amphetamines
answer
A large and varied group of synthetic agents that stimulate the central nervous system (CNS). High potential for abuse.
question
Amphetamines used for medicinal purposes:
answer
Ritalin and Adderall are used for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
question
Methamphetamine
answer
Affects brain and CNS Euphoria lasts 6 to 8 hours
question
Methods of use for methamphetamine:
answer
Snorted, injected, smoked, and ingested
question
Short-term effects of Methamphetamine:
answer
Increased physical activity, alertness, rapid breathing, increased body temperature, insomnia, tremors, anxiety, confusion, and decreased appetite
question
Long-term effects of Methamphetamine:
answer
Severe weight loss, cardiovascular damage, anxiety, confusion, insomnia
question
Caffeine
answer
A stimulant drug that is legal in the United States and found in many coffees, teas, chocolates, energy drinks, and certain medications
question
Side effects of Caffeine
answer
wakefulness, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, indigestion, mild delirium, and heartburn
question
Let down of Caffeine
answer
mentally/physically depressed, exhausted, weak
question
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
answer
The chemical name for the active ingredient in marijuana
question
Medicinal purposes of THC
answer
Controls nausea and vomiting, Improves appetite, Forestalls loss of lean muscle mass associated with AIDS Reduces muscle pain and spasticity caused by MS
question
Frequent/long-term use of THC
answer
may increase risk for testicular cancer, serious mental health problems, suppressed immune system, and impaired memory
question
Depressants
answer
Drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous and muscular systems and cause sleepiness or calmness. Alcohol (most commonly used), Opioids, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates
question
Opioids (Narcotics)
answer
Drugs that induce sleep, relieve pain, and produce euphoria; includes derivatives of opium and synthetics with similar chemical properties. Include morphine, codeine, heroin.
question
Physical effects of opioids
answer
Depress CNS and lower heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure. Cause weakness, dizziness, nausea, euphoria, visual disturbances, lack of coordination
question
Endorphins
answer
Opioid-like hormones that are manufactured in the human body and contribute to natural feelings of well-being
question
Benzodiazepines (Tranquilizers)
answer
A class of CNS drugs with sedative, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant effects
question
Barbiturates
answer
Drugs that depress the CNS, have sedative and hypnotic effects, and are less safe than benzodiazepines
question
"Sedative-hypnotic" drugs
answer
Synergistic effect. Can produce physical and psychological dependence in several weeks. Cross-tolerance is a complication specific to sedatives.
question
Rohypnol
answer
A tranquilizer and "date rape" drug. Produces a sedative effect, amnesia, muscle relaxation, and slowed psychomotor responses. Added to punch and other drinks at parties in hopes of lowering women's inhibitions and facilitating potential sexual conquests.
question
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
answer
CNS depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and anabolic (body-building) effects. Another "date rape" drug. Side effects include loss of memory, unconsciousness, amnesia, hallucinations, and death.
question
Hallucinogens
answer
Substances capable of creating auditory or visual distortions and unusual changes in mood, thoughts, and feelings
question
Synesthesia
answer
An effect, which can be created by a drug, in which sensory messages are incorrectly assigned (hear colors, smell tastes)
question
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
answer
Physical effects: Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature; perspiration; chills; headaches, nausea. Euphoria (good) or dysphoria (bad). Distortions in perception.
question
Club Drugs
answer
Synthetic analogs that produce similar effects of existing drugs
question
Ecstasy (MDMA)
answer
Feelings of extreme euphoria, openness, and warmth. Risks include inappropriate emotional bonding, jaw clenching, tongue and cheek chewing, short-term memory loss or confusion. Chronic use can damage the brain. Combined with alcohol, Ecstasy can be fatal.
question
PCP - Phencyclidine
answer
Effects depend on dose and include slurred speech, impaired coordination, fever, nausea, and total loss of sensitivity to pain. Doses greater than 10 mg can cause convulsions and death. Can produce euphoria or dysphoria.
question
Mescaline
answer
It is a powerful hallucinogen and CNS stimulant. Generally induces immediate vomiting. Effects within 30 - 90 minutes after consumption; may persist up to 9 or 10 hours.
question
Inhalants
answer
Chemical vapors that are sniffed or inhaled to produce highs. Legal to purchase and not commonly recognized as drugs, though dangerous when used incorrectly. Users experience dizziness, disorientation, impaired coordination and judgment; combined with alcohol, may be fatal.
question
Examples of Inhalants
answer
glue, paint thinner, and rubber cement.
question
Ergogenic Drugs
answer
Substances believed to enhance athletic performance
question
Anabolic Steroids
answer
Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength. Produce state of euphoria, diminished fatigue, and increase bulk and power in both sexes.
question
What are the two forms of Anabolic Steroids?
answer
Injectable solutions or pills
question
Effects of Anabolic Steroids in women?
answer
large doses trigger development of male attributes
question
Effects of Anabolic Steroids in men?
answer
shut down testosterone production, causing men's breasts to grow and testicles to atrophy
question
T/F. Very low levels of alcohol may lower some health risks in older adults?
answer
True
question
What % of all Americans consume alcoholic beverages regularly?
answer
half
question
Do men or women typically drink more?
answer
men
question
What group is more likely to drink daily or nearly daily than other groups?
answer
European-Americans
question
As age increases, what happens to the number of people who consume alcohol regularly?
answer
Decreases
question
What % of students report having consumed an alcoholic beverage in the past 30 days?
answer
62
question
Binge Drinking
answer
A pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 gram-percent or above
question
For a typical adult, what is binge drinking for men?
answer
consuming 5 or more drinks in about 2 hours
question
For a typical adult, what is binge drinking for women?
answer
consuming 4 or more drinks in about 2 hours
question
Of college students, what % engages in binge drinking?
answer
39
question
Alcohol exacerbates risk for what?
answer
suicide, automobile crashes, and falls
question
Pre-Gaming
answer
A strategy of drinking heavily, usually with friends, before going out to parties or bars
question
What % of students engage in drinking games that involve binge drinking?
answer
2/3
question
Drunkorexia
answer
The combination of disordered eating, excessive physical activity and heavy alcohol consumption. Results in: Blackouts, forced or unintended sexual activity, alcohol poisoning.
question
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol)
answer
An additive, intoxicating drug produced by fermentation and the main ingredient in alcoholic beverages
question
Fermentation
answer
Yeast organisms break down plant sugars to yield ethanol
question
Distillation
answer
Alcohol vapors are condensed and mixed with water to make hard alcohol
question
Proof
answer
A measure of the percentage of alcohol in a beverage; double the percentage of alcohol in a drink
question
Standard Drink
answer
The amount of any beverage that contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol
question
What percent of absorption occurs in the stomach?
answer
about 20
question
What percent of absorption occurs in the upper third of small intestine?
answer
about 80
question
Factors that influence absorption
answer
Concentration of the drink, Pylorospasm (spasm of pyloric valve), Amount consumed, Amount of food in the stomach, Mood, Weight and body mass index
question
What is Alcohol converted to in the liver?
answer
acetaldehyde. Converted by enzyme called alcohol dehydrogenase. Rapidly oxidized to acetate.
question
What is the breakdown of alcohol?
answer
fairly constant at about 0.5 ounce per hour (about one standard drink)
question
What does Unmetabolized alcohol do?
answer
circulates in the bloodstream until enough time passes for the body to break it down
question
Alcohol contains how many calories per gram?
answer
7
question
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
answer
Ratio of alcohol to total blood volume; used to measure the physiological and behavioral effects of alcohol
question
Learned Behavioral Tolerance
answer
The ability of heavy drinkers to modify behavior so that they appear to be sober even when they have high BAC levels
question
A drinker's BAC depends on
answer
Weight and body fat, The water content in the body tissues, The concentration of alcohol in the beverage consumed, Alcohol concentration is higher in people with more body fat, Women have half as much alcohol dehydrogenase as men.
question
Hangover
answer
The physiological reaction to excessive drinking, including headache, upset stomach, anxiety, depression, diarrhea, and thirst. Occur for more than half of drinkers when BAC reaches 0.11. 20-25% of those who drink enough to reach that level do not experience them.
question
Congeners
answer
Forms of alcohol that are metabolized more slowly than ethanol and produce toxic by-products
question
What % of adults hospitalized for overdoses involve excessive alcohol consumption?
answer
30%
question
Alcohol is involved in what percent of fatal injuries during activities such as boating and swimming?
answer
70
question
Alcohol is involved in what % of fatal injuries due to house fires?
answer
40
question
Alcohol Poisoning (Acute Alcohol Intoxication)
answer
A potentially lethal BAC that inhibits the brain's ability to control consciousness, respiration, and heart rate; usually occurs as the result of drinking a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time.
question
Effects on the nervous system of alcohol
answer
Shrinkage in brain size and weight Loss of intellectual ability
question
Cardiovascular effects of alcohol
answer
Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption is related to reduced risk of coronary artery disease. Drinking too much alcohol is associated with high blood pressure and higher calorie intake.
question
Cancer
answer
Esophagus, stomach, mouth, tongue, liver, breast cancer
question
Long-Term Effects of Alcohol
answer
nervous system, Cardiovascular effects, cancer, and Liver disease.
question
Cirrhosis
answer
The last stage of liver disease associated with chronic heavy use of alcohol, during which liver cells die and damage becomes permanent; fatal
question
Alcoholic Hepatitis
answer
Condition resulting from prolonged use of alcohol, in which the liver is inflammed; can be fatal
question
Teratogenic substances
answer
Cause birth defects
question
What percent of children have been exposed to alcohol in utero?
answer
7.6
question
What percent of pregnant women report binge drinking?
answer
1.4
question
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
answer
A disorder involving physical and mental impairment that may affect the fetus when the mother consumes alcohol during pregnancy. Categorized by Mental retardation, impaired learning, poor memory, small head, tremors, impulsive behaviors, reduced attention span, and abnormalities of face, limbs, heart, and brain.
question
What % of all traffic fatalities in 2010 were alcohol related?
answer
31
question
Among college students, what % drink and drive?
answer
15.1
question
Nicotine
answer
The primary stimulant chemical in tobacco products
question
physiological effects from nicotine
answer
Aroused, alert mental state. Stimulates adrenal glands. Increases heart and perspiratory rates. Constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure.
question
Tar
answer
A thick, brownish sludge condensed from particulate matter in smoked tobacco
question
Carbon Monoxide
answer
A gas found in tobacco smoke that reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen
question
What % of people have tried a cigarette?
answer
60-80, 68 become dependent.
question
Nicotine Poisoning
answer
Symptoms often experienced by beginning smokers, including dizziness, diarrhea, light-headedness, rapid and erratic pulse, clammy skin, nausea, and vomiting
question
Pairing
answer
An environmental cue that triggers nicotine cravings
question
Bidis
answer
Produce three times more carbon monoxide and nicotine and five times more tar than do cigarettes
question
Cigars
answer
Contain 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens
question
Chewing Tobacco
answer
A stringy type of tobacco that is placed in the mouth and then sucked or chewed
question
Dipping
answer
Placing a small amount of chewing tobacco between the lower lip and teeth for rapid nicotine absorption
question
Snuff
answer
A powdered form of tobacco that is sniffed and absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nose or placed inside the cheek and sucked
question
What is the leading cause of cancer death?
answer
Lung
question
What does Cancer risk for smokers depend on?
answer
Amount you smoke per day. When you started smoking. If you inhale deeply when you smoke.
question
Leukoplakia
answer
Leathery white patches inside the mouth, produced by contact with irritants in tobacco juice
question
Platelet Adhesives
answer
Stickiness of red blood cells associated with blood clots
question
Respiratory Disorders of Tobacco Products
answer
Over time, smoking can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
question
Emphysema
answer
A chronic lung disease in which the tiny air sacs in the lungs are destroyed, making breathing difficult
question
Unique Risks for Women from Tobacco Products
answer
Higher rates of osteoporosis, depression, and thyroid-related diseases. Increased risk for blood clots, especially in smoking women who take birth control pills. Heavier menstrual bleeding, longer duration of cramps, less predictable length of menstrual cycle.
question
Other Health Effects of Tobacco Products
answer
Gum disease, macular degeneration, premature skin wrinkling, staining of the teeth, yellowing of fingernails, and bad breath. Nicotine speeds up the process by which the body uses and eliminates drugs, making medication less effective. Smoking significantly increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease.
question
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
answer
Smoke from tobacco products, including secondhand and mainstream smoke
question
Mainstream Smoke
answer
Drawn through tobacco while inhaling
question
Sidestream Smoke (Secondhand Smoke)
answer
The cigarette, pipe, or cigar smoke breathed by nonsmokers
question
Nicotine Withdrawal
answer
Symptoms, including nausea, headaches, irritability, and intense tobacco cravings, suffered by nicotine-addicted individuals who cease using tobacco
question
Nicotine Replacement Products
answer
Nicotine chewing gum and patches; nasal spray; nicotine inhaler; smoking cessation medications
question
Benefits of Quitting Smoking
answer
Many tissues will repair themselves. Circulation and the senses of taste and smell improve within weeks. Risk of heart attack falls by half after only 1 year without smoking. After 10 smoke-free years, can expect to live out normal life span. Women who quit smoking before 40 avoided more than 90% of the added risk of dying early. A pack-a-day smoker can save about $2,184 per year.
question
Nutrition
answer
The science that investigates the relationship between physiological function and the essential elements of foods eaten
question
Hunger
answer
The physiological impulse to seek food, prompted by a lack or shortage of basic foods needed to provide the energy and nutrients that support health
question
Appetite
answer
The learned desire to eat; normally accompanies hunger, but is more psychological than physiological
question
Other forces of eating
answer
Social/cultural meanings attached to food, convenience/advertising, habit/customs
question
Nutrients
answer
The constituents of food that sustain humans physiologically: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Essential Nutrients, Macronutrients, Micronutrients.
question
Digestive Process
answer
The process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs or excretes them
question
Recommended Dietary Allowances
answer
Intake levels necessary to meet the nutritional needs of 97-98 percent of healthy individuals
question
Adequate Intake
answer
Average daily nutrient intake by healthy people when there is not enough research to determine an RDA
question
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
answer
Highest amount of a nutrient that can be consumed without the risk of adverse health effects
question
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
answer
Range of intakes for carbohydrates, fat, and protein that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease and that provides adequate levels of essential nutrients
question
Calorie
answer
unit of measure that indicates the amount of energy obtained from a particular food
question
Kilocalorie
answer
1 kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories. Most nutrition labels use the word calories to refer to kilocalories.
question
Energy
answer
The capacity to do work
question
Fat
answer
9 calories per gram
question
Carbohydrates/proteins
answer
4 calories per gram
question
Alcohol
answer
7 calories per gram
question
Dehydration
answer
Abnormal depletion of body fluids; a result of lack of water
question
Hypernatremia
answer
Too much water; serious health risk characterized by low sodium levels
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New