question

Health

answer

The state of complete mental, physical, & social well being, not merely the absense of disease. a dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional, a resource for living, and results from a person's interactions with and adaptation to the environment.

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Community Health

answer

The health status of a defined group of people & the actions & conditions to promote, protect, & preserve their health

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Health Education

answer

Any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence based practices/sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt & maintain healthy behaviors

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Health Promotion

answer

Any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions & conditions of living conducive to the health of the individual, groups, & comminities

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Public Health

answer

The science & art of protecting & improving the health of communties through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, & research for diseases & injury prevention

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Global Health

answer

Health problems, issues, & concerns that transcend national boundaries & are beyond the control of individual nations, & are best addressed by cooperative actions & solutions

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Population Health

answer

The health status of people who are not organized & have no identity as a group or locality

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Coordinated School Health Program

answer

Organized set of policies, procedures, & activities designed to protect, promote, & improve the health & well-being of pre-k through 12 students & staff, thus improving a students ability to learn

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Wellness

answer

An approach to health that focuses on balancing the many aspects of a persons life through increasing the adoption of health enhancing conditions & behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions of illness

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Health Education Specialist

answer

An individual who has met baccalaurate-level required health educational academic preparation qualifications, who serves in a variety of settings; able to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, & systems conducive to health of individuals, groups, and communities. -- needed for health ed/promotion interventions

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Rate

answer

Measure of some event, disease, or condition in relation to a unit of population

question

Death Rate

answer

Most frequently used to measure seriousness of injury/disease

question

Crude Rate

answer

Expressed for a total population

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Adjusted Rate

answer

Expressed for a total population but statistically adjusted for certain characteristics (i.e. age)

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Specific Rate

answer

Rate for a particular population subgroup. -- particular disease = disease-specific

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Life Expectancy

answer

average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age; based on a given set of age-specific death rates. -- may be determined by sex, race, origins, and characteristics.

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Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)

answer

Measure of premature morality

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Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)

answer

A measure of health that takes into effect the severity of the health condition, age, and impact on the future; measures the burden of living with a disability; one lost year of "healthy" life as a result of being in states of poor health or disability.

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Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

answer

The number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population; based on disability & life expectancy rather than mortality.

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Quality of Life

answer

A person's or a group's general well-being

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Health-Related Quality of Life

answer

Those aspects of overall quality of life that can be clearly shown to affect health -- either physical or mental

question

Focus of public health from 1800s-1900s

answer

Late 19th century-1950s, public health efforts focused upon the control of infectious diseases. 1950s-Present, focus on chronic (fectious) diseases & diseases related to lifestye

question

Steps in the health education/promotion program planning model

answer

1. Assessing the needs of the priority population 2. Setting goals & objectives 3. Developing an intervention that considers the peculiarities of the setting 4. Implimenting the intervention 5. Evaluating the results

question

The 4 elements in the health field concept

answer

1. Human biology 2. Environment 3. Lifestyles 4. Healthcare organization

question

The 5 domains in the social determinants of health

answer

1. Genetics 2. Health behavior 3. Social circumstances 4. Environmental condition 5. Health services

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The history of health education

answer

Health educ/promotion as an emerging profession is just over 100 years old

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Early efforts of public health

answer

India- 1st signs of sanitation; creation of bathroom, drains, paved streets, drained by covered sewers Smith papyri- oldest health related document Code of Hammurabi-laws pertaining to health practices

question

Egypt

answer

Known for personal cleanliness & considered healthiest people of their time; primitive medicine; priest-physicians

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Hebrews

answer

Extended Egyptian hygienic thouht; formulated the first hygienic code in the biblical book of Leviticus.

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Middle Ages

answer

- many health advances lost due to political and social unrest (caused by collapse of Roman Empire) - overcrowding - little emphasis on cleanliness/hygiene - Christian beliefs impacted health - characterized by great epidemics- bubonic plague, cholera, syphillis, measles, influenza - THE BLACK DEATH (bubonic plague): > ~ 20-35 million deaths > conflicting view of causation > people either became extremely pious or lost all religion > resulted in punishment of the jews (isolation, segregation, punishment)

question

The Renaissance

answer

- (A.D. 1500-1700) - disease and plague - medical care was rudimentary (blood-letting) - disposal of human waste and severe uncleanliness - superstitions--> systematic inquiry - Gutenberg press = increase in learning & knowledge - John Hunter = father of modern surgery - Van Leeuwenhoek = microscope - Graunt = used stats and epidemiological concepts to study death rates among different populations - HLTH BOARDS FORMED (Italy)

question

1800s

answer

Advancements in microbiology & bacteriology; bacteriology peiod of public health

question

1700s-1800s

answer

Health conditions in the US were deplorable; local health boards were formed; conditions of overcrowding, poverty, & filth worsened -Shattuck's Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts -1869 State Boards Of Health created

question

1st national voluntary health agency in 1900s

answer

National Association for the Study & Prevention of Tuberculosis

question

US school health from 1600s-1800s

answer

"Old Deluder" Law 1647- a town with 50 families should establish an elementary school; a town with 100 household should establish a Latin grammar secondary school -Horsce Mann= 1st to teach health, called for manditory hygiene programs

question

US school health during WW1

answer

WW1 provided impetus for widespread acceptance of school health education as its own discipline; many men (29%) were rejected from the draft due to physical deficiencies that could have been prevented by school health education.

question

CDC Diagram of Coordinated School Health

answer

-health edu -physical health -health services -nutrition services -counseling -health school environment -health promotion for staff -family/community involvement

question

Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act

answer

Focuses on prevention & prevention services by removing cost barriers

question

Philosophy

answer

The attitudes, beliefs, & values held by an individual/group -"love of wisdom" or "love of learning"

question

Philodoxy

answer

Love of personal opinions; presents problems for health education specialists

question

Social Change Philosophy

answer

Emphasizes creating social, economic, & political change that benefits the health of individuals & groups - example: no smoking allowed in restuarants

question

Eclectic Health Education/ Promotion Philosophy

answer

Focusus on adapting an approach that is appropriate for a specific setting.

question

Disease Prevention

answer

the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and disease.

question

Epidemiological Data

answer

information gathered when measuring health.

question

Epidemiology

answer

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events, and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems.

question

Rates

answer

measure of some event, disease, or condition in relation to a unit of population along with some specification of time.

question

What is the goal of the health education/promotion profession?

answer

to improve the quality of life, even though the quality of life is difficult to quantify.

question

Morbidity

answer

measure of sickness/illness; incidence or prevalence of a disease.

question

Mortality

answer

measure of death; incidence or prevalence of death.

question

Identify four primary modifiable risk behaviors

answer

poor nutrition, lack of physical exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, and tobacco use.

question

Healthy People 2020

answer

- MISSION: identify nationwide health improvement priorities, health education and promotion, provide measurable objectives and goals that are applicable at the national, state, and local level. - VISION: a society in which all people live long, healthy lives. (health equity, quality, and behavior). - GUIDANCE : guides the nation's health policies and efforts - written using measurable objectives -- IDENTIFICATION : identified the 4 primary modifiable health risk behaviors (lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol consumption)

question

The Socioecological Model

answer

explains how behavior has multiple levels of influence; individual (knowledge, values, attitude), interpersonal (family, friends, peers), organizational (structure, environment), community (social, networks), and public policy (government policies, laws, regulations).

question

Endemic

answer

occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course. (normal)

question

Epidemic

answer

as unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related event in a population. (above normal)

question

Pandemic

answer

outbreak of a disease or illness over a wide geographical area (i.e. continent).

question

Prevalence

answer

all cases, including past cases.

question

Incidence

answer

new cases.

question

Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL)

answer

aspects of overall quality of life that have been shown to affect health physically and mentally; frequently used with chronic disease.

question

How do we collect data?

answer

surveys

question

T/F. The early 1800s did not see many health advancements.

answer

True.

question

Important events of the 19th century.

answer

Edwin Chadwick (1842, 1848) - formation of the General Board of Health John Snow (1854) - cholera Louis Pasteur (1862) - Germ Theory Robert Koch - microorganisms (anthrax, TB, cholera) Joseph Lister - "safe surgery" (antiseptic surgery)

question

Edwin Chadwick

answer

"Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Populations of Great Britain" -- led to the formation of the General Board of Health in 1848

question

John Snow

answer

studied epidemiological data to determine the source of a cholera epidemic in London source = Broad Street water pump

question

Louis Pasteur

answer

proposed the Germ Theory of disease -- advanced bacteriology, pasteurization of milk, scientific approach to immunizations.

question

Robert Koch

answer

microbiologist who discovered microorganisms for anthrax, TB, and cholera.

question

Joseph Lister

answer

pioneer of antiseptic surgery ("safe surgery") -- discovered a way to reduce infections in wounds (washing hands/clothing, sterilization of surgical instruments).

question

What was the condition of Americans in the 1700s?

answer

- disease (small pox, cholera, diphtheria) - disease in southern states/slave trade (yaws, yellow fever, malaria) - QUARANTINE to control diseases - development of health boards (no $, no staff, no enforcement)

question

Who created the first life expectancy tables and when?

answer

Wigglesworth in 1789

question

What was the Marine Hospital Service Act and when was it created?

answer

- 1798 - hospitals and medical services for sailors - eventually (1912) U.S. Public Health Services

question

What was the condition of Americans in the 1800s?

answer

- continued overcrowding, poverty, filth (Industrial Revolution, immigration) - high rates of TB and malaria

question

Shattuck Report (1850)

answer

addressed public health issues in Massachusetts and recommendations for solving problems.

question

What happened in 1869?

answer

First State Board of Health established in Massachusetts. Establishment of American Public Health Association.

question

"Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation" was released in what year?

answer

1980

question

Death Rates

answer

the number of deaths per 100,000 resident population. -- a.k.a. mortality rates -- quantifies the seriousness of injury or disease

question

What are the specific steps taken to develop a health education/promotion program?

answer

1. Assess the needs of the priority population. 2. Set goals and objectives. 3. Develop an intervention that considers the peculiarities of the setting. 4. Implement the intervention. 5. Evaluate the results.

question

What factors affect your opinion?

answer

Past experience, cognitive bases, age & individual differences, and belief in personal relevance.

question

From the late 19th century to the 1950s, public health efforts have focused on the control of _______________ ____________.

answer

infectious diseases.

question

1950s-present, the focus has been on _______ ________ and diseases related to _________.

answer

chronic diseases; lifestyle

question

It was recognized by the mid ----s that health promotion efforts have great potential for reducing morbidity, saving lies, and reducing costs.

answer

1970s.

question

When were health objectives for the nation introduced?

answer

1980s

question

How is health/health status measured?

answer

using statistics. -- paradigm shift to the socioecological model

question

Epidemiological Data & Terms

answer

Rates (death rate, crude rate, adjusted rate, specific rate) Terms: morbidity, mortality, endemic, epidemic, pandemic.

question

Health Disparity

answer

the difference in health between populations often caused by two health inequities - lack of access to care and lack of quality care.

question

Early Humans

answer

- learned through observation, trial & error - eventually developed health related rules & taboos > preserving food, burying dead, defection away from communal areas and water sources - disease and accidents attributed to magical spirits and gods (superstition) >disease prevention=sacrifices, amulets, avoiding haunted areas - physicians = priests, religious leaders

question

Smith Papyri details surgical techniques around ----B.C.

answer

~1600 B.C.

question

Code of Hammurabi

answer

- (2080 B.C.) - rights and duties of the surgeon - first known fee schedule - surgeon hands cut off if he harmed patient or caused patient's death

question

Egyptians

answer

- (3000-1500 B.C.) - pharmaceutic prep - sewage and drainage - personal cleanliness

question

Hebrews

answer

- (1500 B.C.) - bk of Leviticus - personal cleanliness and community responsibilities > protection from contagious diseases, isolation, disinfection, sanitation, hygiene

question

Greeks

answer

- (1000-400 B.C.) - disease prevention - focus: nutrition and excretion, exercise and rest >BALANCE > physical (athletics), mental (philosophy), spiritual (theology) > ill health = imbalance - physician role begins to take shape (reputation) - emergence of science - Asclepius - Hippocrates

question

Asclepius

answer

- god of medicine - Hygeia = power to prevent disease - Panacea = ability to treat disease

question

Hippocrates

answer

- (460 - 377 B.C.) - first epidemiologist - father of modern medicine - theory of disease causation (consistent with balance/imbalance theory - Hippocratic Oath - observed connections between disease and the environment - ideal person: requires daily physical activity, study & PHIL discussion

question

Hippocratic Oath

answer

- provide health ed free of charge - do everything for the good of the patient - do no harm to anyone (no prescription of deadly drugs or provision of pessary for abortion)

question

Romans

answer

- (500 B.C. - A.D. 500) - medically, imitators of the Greeks - engineers, builders, admins. > aqueduct - purification of water, water boards established - FIRST TO BUILD HOSPITALS - created public medical service

question

Age of Enlightenment

answer

- (1700 A.D.) - revolution, industrialization, city growth - MIASMA THEORY = disease was formed in filth and epidemics were caused by poison/vapors - scientific advancement > James Lind = scurvy > Edward Jenner = small pox vaccine - health ed/promotion had still not emerged as profession BUT philosophers promoted health equity and the importance of individual health for the well being of society

question

PHIL

answer

a statement summarizing the attitudes, principles, beliefs, and concepts held by an individual or a group. - provides a bridge between theory and practice - helps answer the "whys" of HLTH ed/promotion; reflects your values and beliefs, which determine your purpose for being (Loren Bensley)

question

Why does one need a personal philosophy?

answer

- forming both a personal and an occupational philosophy requires reflection and the ability to identify the factors, principles, ideals, and influences that help shape your reality. - guides time commitments a professional chooses to emphasize - plays an important role in a career path

question

Philosophy of Symmetry

answer

health has physical, emotional, spiritual, and social components; each one is just as important as the other.

question

Holistic Philosophy

answer

the mind and body distinction disappears, yielding a whole unified being.

question

Wellness (Philosophy)

answer

always a positive quality that enables a person to strive to reach an optimum state of health in all dimensions (spiritual, physical, intellectual, emotional, social, environmental).

question

Behavior Change Philosophy

answer

focuses on modifying unhealthy habits. (example: setting up a contract to increase the # of hours you study each week)

question

Cognitive-Based Philosophy

answer

focuses on the acquisition of content and factual information (example: statistics about # of people killed in car crashed not wearing seat belts)

question

Decision-Making Philosophy

answer

emphasizes critical thinking and lifelong learning (example: case study on diets to compare the effectiveness).

question

Freeing/Functioning Philosophy

answer

focuses on freeing people to make the best health decision for them based on their needs and interests - not necessarily for society.

question

Social Change Philosophy

answer

emphasizes the creation of social, economic, and political change that benefits the health of individuals and groups (example: lessons on the responsibilities of alcohol use - find a way to help them).

question

Eclectic Health Education/Promotion Philosophy

answer

focuses on an adapting approach that is appropriate for the setting.

question

Predominant Philosophies of Health Education/Promotion

answer

behavior change, cognitive based, decision making, freeing/functioning, social change, eclectic health education/promotion.

question

One of the overriding goals of any health education/promotion intervention is:

answer

the betterment of health. (all philosophies have this goal; they simply differ in how to attain it).

question

10 great public health achievements in the 20th century

answer

vaccination, motor-vehicle safety, safer workplaces, control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke, safer and healthier foods, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, fluoridation of drinking water, recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard.

question

Women's Christian Temperance Union successfully called for mandatory drug education.

answer

1865

question

The first White House Conference on the Health of Children was convened.

answer

1910

question

The Joint Committee (NEA/AMA) was established in what year?

answer

1911

question

The American Child Hygiene Association was established in what year?

answer

1918

question

When did Sally Lucas Jean name Health Education?

answer

1918

question

In what year was the National Institute for Health established?

answer

1930

question

What are the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education?

answer

1. Health 2. Command of fundamental processes 3. Worthy home membership 4. Vocation 5. Citizenship 6. Worth use of leisure time 7. Ethical character

question

What social program was developed following the Great Depression and when?

answer

1930s - Social Security Act of 1935

question

In this year, the World Health Organization defined health and the Hill-Burton Act passed to improve the distribution and quality of hospitals.

answer

1946

question

Society for Public Health Education was formed in what year?

answer

1950

question

Medicare and Medicaid - amendments to the Social Security Act.

answer

1965

question

The Bureau of Health Education was formed at the CDC.

answer

1974.

question

"Promoting Health and Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation" was published.

answer

1979

question

The first exam was given by the National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc. (the first CHES certification issued).

answer

1990

question

The U.S. Dept of Labor approves the classification "Health Educator."

answer

1996

question

The National Health Educator Competencies Update Project (CUP) was undertaken.

answer

2002

question

The CUP was completed.

answer

2004

question

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed into law

answer

2010

question

TAMU offered the eMS in Health Education.

answer

2010

question

MCHES exam was given for the first time.

answer

2011

question

SoPHE (Society for Public Health Education) and AAHE (American Association for Health Education) joined forces... a new professional beginning for the discipline.

answer

2012

question

Health care reform bill (The Affordable Care Act) began taking effect.

answer

2013

question

Edwin Chadwick publishes his "Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Population of Great Britain" which documents the deplorable living conditions Britain's laboring class and calls for government intervention.

answer

1842

question

In what year did Edwin Chadwick's report lead to the formation of a General Board of Health for England?

answer

1848

question

Epidemiologist John Snow discovers that microorganisms cause disease after studying an epidemiological data related to a cholera epidemic in London.

answer

1849

question

Louis Pasteur of France proposes his germ theory of disease.

answer

1862

question

What period was known as the "bacteriological period of public health"?

answer

1875-1900

question

The first health board was formed in Boston in what year?

answer

1799

question

Lemuel Shattuck publishes his "Report of the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts" which offers solutions to the public health issues of MA.

answer

1850

question

Why was Shattuck's "Report of the Sanitary Commission of MA" remarkable?

answer

Because no national or state public health programs existed at the time (1850) and local health agencies that did exist were functioning at a minimal level.

question

In what year did Congress create the National Board of Health?

answer

1879

question

What period known as the "reform phase of public health"?

answer

1900-1920

question

In what year was the Public Health Education Section of the APHA (American Public Health Association) founded?

answer

1922

question

From 1930 through WWII, the role of _______ __________ in social programs expanded.

answer

federal government

question

The Social Security Act of 1935

answer

provided support for state health departments and their programs (funding to develop sanitary facilities and to improve maternal and child health).

question

What two major public health agencies were formed in 1930 and 1946?

answer

The National Institute of Health (previously the Hygienic Laboratory) The Communicable Disease Center (1946) (now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

question

Congress passes the National Hospital Survey and Construction Act (aka Hill-Burton Act) to improve the distribution and enhance the quality of hospitals.

answer

1946

question

What bills did Congress pass as amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935?

answer

Medicare and Medicaid

question

Medicare vs. Medicaid

answer

Both were created to assist they payment of medical bills. Medicare assists the elderly, while Medicaid assists the poor.

question

What government publication was the first major recognition of the importance of lifestyle in promoting health and well-being?

answer

Healthy People

question

When did President Obama sign into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act?

answer

2010

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