History Test- Latin America – Flashcards
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African and European
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mulattoes
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Spanish people born in Spain
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peninsulares
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Spanish people born in Latin America
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creoles
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Europeans and Amerindians
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mestizos
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When Pizzaro conquered Atahualpa and the Inca
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Cajamarca conflict
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Native Latin Americans
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indios
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During the Inca Empire, when all were in the same class level and if a person was sick or injured they would be cared for by the community
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security of worker
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If there were extra crops, these were stored in case of emergencies
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surplus/magazines
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Year of the fall of the Aztec empire
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1520
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These were used by the Inca for record keeping.
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quipu
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Most of the colonies were independent by this year
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1824
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capital of Aztec empire, now Mexico city
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Tenochtitlan
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-Crossed from Hispaniola (West Indies) to mainland mexico in seard of gold -launched the conquest of Aztec Mexico
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Hernan(do) Cortes
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-Part of Huitzillopochtli religion -constant sacrificing and warfare -lead to Aztec revolt, reconquest, and resentment
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tribute burden
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-"turn" or "rotation" -every seventh household had to take a turn sending men to the mines
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mita
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-capital city of Incan empire, where imperial government was -in civil war at time of Spanish invasion
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Cuzco
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-The "first" person to discover Americas -Was trying to reach Asia
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Christopher Columbus
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-the trade of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds
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Columbian Exchange
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-"conquerer" -refers to Spanish soldier-explorers who sought to conquer the New world for the Spanish Crown
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conquistadores
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-superior weapons -horses (scary to natives) -had battle experience -history of learning and studying previous battles
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advantages of Spaniards
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conquered Atahualpa and the Inca
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Francisco Pizzaro
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-Aztec noblewoman who was sold to a Mayan merchant and learned how to speak the Mayan language -Cortes' translator -considered traitor to some
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la Malinche
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-ruler of Aztecs during time of Cortes -conquered
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Montezuma
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-ruler of the Inca Empire -conquered by Pizarro
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Atahualpa
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-economic system -colonies exist for benefit of mother country -money system is weight of gold and silver
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mercantilism
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-one fifth of all precious metals mined in the Americas belong to the Crown
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quinto
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-crown granted conquerers the right to employ groups of Amerindians -disguised form of slavery
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encomienda
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-main money supply in Americas -very dangerous but profitable
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mining
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-city where the largest silver mine in South America was located
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Potosi
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-huge bureaucracy in Spain that watched over American colonies
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Council of Indies
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-four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas
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viceroyalty
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-imperial governor of viceroyalties who had broad military and civil authority -the Spanish sovereign's direct representatives
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viceroy
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New Spain, Peru, New Granada, La Plata
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the four viceroyalties
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-twelve to fifteen judges who served as an advisory council and highest judicial body
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audiencia
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-local officials who held judicial and military power
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corregidores
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-converted Amerinians -taught agriculture -hospitals, schools -brought natives into Spanish orbit
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colonial Church
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Spanish missionary who wrote about how the spanish were murdering thousands of natives
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Bartolome de las Casas
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-influenced by Bartolome de las Casas -written by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain -says you can no longer have encomiendas (at least, no new ones) -says you cannot enslave any Indios
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New Law of the Indies
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-mestizo who had a very successful trading business -appealed to viceroy and king for the end of mita, and audiencia in Cuzco, native representation in audiencia -when they did not listen, began a series of executions of corregidores -captured and executed as he attempts seige of Cuzco
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Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui/ Tupac Amaru II
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-mercantilist system does not benefit colonial economies -protective tariffs imposed by Spain cripple Creole merchants -Creoles dissatisfied with lack of government jobs they received -inspired by US independence -native people wanted change -pure length of colonial period (~300 years)
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conditions (c. 1800) that led to independence
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-"Latin American George Washington" -president of Gran Columbia in 1819 -dreamed of Pan-Americanism -won independence for Latin America
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Simon Bolivar
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-difficulty acheiving political stability -Creole leaders had no experience -military became most powerful in many nations, were not afraid to interfere in civil affairs -social hierarchy stayed the same even after independence
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Challenges faced by independent nations
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