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Interrex

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ruler between kings during monarch period.

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Rex Sacrorum

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Official whose title was rex sacrorum (\"king of the sacred things\") well into the Republic; carrying on the religious functions of the king.

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Regia

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Regia - building in the forum from ca. 625 B.C. with shrines to Mars and Ops Consiva; the complex included the Temple of Vesta and the domus publica (a possible royal residence).

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Lapis Niger

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The Lapis Niger (Latin, \"Black Stone\") is an ancient shrine in the Roman Forum. Together with the associated Vulcanal (a sanctuary to Vulcan) it constitutes the only surviving remnants of the old Comitium. Pot shard found containing word Rex from 6th century. archeological evidence of monarch period.

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Francois tomb

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we have a story from the emperor Claudius that two friends, Mastarna and Caelius Vibenna had many adventures together, one of which ended in disaster for Caelius Vibenna. Mastarna then came to Rome and changed his name to Servius Tullius. There is seeming corroboration in the François Tomb from Vulci: In one panel, we see someone called Gneve Tarchu Rumach (Tarquin of Rome?) In another 'Macstrna' frees 'Caile Vipinas' by cutting his bonds. 'Macstrna' may be an Etruscan version of 'Masterna,' itself possibly related to Latin 'magister'; 'Caile Vipinas' could be an Etruscan version of Caelius Vibenna.

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Gneve Tarchu Rumach

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Archeological evidence of Tarquin of Rome? in the tomb of Francois. Maybe referring to the king during Regal period.

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Macstrna

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In another 'Macstrna' frees 'Caile Vipinas' by cutting his bonds. 'Macstrna' may be an Etruscan version of 'Masterna,' itself possibly related to Latin 'magister'; 'Caile Vipinas' could be an Etruscan version of Caelius Vibenna.

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Caile Vipinas=Caelius Vibenna

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might be etruscan version of Caelius Vibenna--Upon arriving at Rome, Vibenna aided Romulus in his wars against Titus Tatius.[1] He and his brother Aulus are also recorded as having aided King Tarquinius Superbus, although Tarquinius Superbus lived some five generations after Romulus. Tacitus relates that a certain hill in Rome, previously named Querquetulanus (after the trees covering the hill) was renamed the Caelian Hill after Caelius Vibenna.[2]

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Patres

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Senators

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Senex

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...

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Jupiter Latiaris

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Shared Latin Cults Going Back Before the 6th Century. Jupiter Latiaris (identified with Latinus) expression tribal solidarity annual renewal of kinship ties nomen Latinum (\"the Latin name\") given to those tribes that received meat at this festival

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Pater Indiges

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Shared Latin Cults Going Back Before the 6th Century.Pater Indiges (identified with Aeneas)

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Conubium

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Connubium permitted them to make a lawful marriage with a resident of any other Latin city.

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commercium

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Commercium allowed Latins to own land in any of the Latin cities and to make legally enforceable contracts with their citizens

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ius migrationis

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Ius migrationis gave people with Latin status the capacity to acquire citizenship of another Latin state simply by taking up permanent residence there. Rome collecting colonies.

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lucius Junius Brutus

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was the founder of the Roman Republic and traditionally one of the first consuls in 509 BC. Overthrew the Tarquins.

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AUC (Ab urbe condita)

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monumental history written by livy. archeology vs. literary history.

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plebeians

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In ancient Rome, the plebs were the general body of free Roman citizens who were not patricians, as determined by the census. later writers thought that plebeians were simply non-patricians • but it is possible that not all non-patricians were plebeians (e.g., clients of patricans may not have counted) • it is highly unlikely that plebeians were all united in their concerns all the time (wealth varied greatly)

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patricians

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a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome, including both their natural and adopted members. origins uncertain, but seem to have been linked in the Roman mind to descendants of the original senators appointed by Romulus (the patres) • claimed early on exclusive rights over religious life in Rome • just like the kings, patrician magistrates had the right to auspices (auspicium, pl. auspicia) - auspicia ad patres redeunt (\"auspices return to the senators\") whenever both consuls die in office and interreges (singular interrex) appointed for 5-day terms until new consuls are elected

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senatus populusque Romanus

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government of the ancient roman republic.

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Consul

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The consuls alternated in holding imperium each month, and a consul's imperium extended over Rome, Italy, and the provinces. presided over the senate.

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praetor

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second highest office - attributed to creation by the Licinian-Sextian Law of 367 BC • also in charge of Rome's legal system • held imperium and auspicium

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quaestor

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elected annually and become member of the Senate upon election and completion of office • two are in charge of state treasury in Rome, while the others primarily helped military commanders in the field • had to have held it in order to be praetor

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cursus honorum

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Sequential order of offices in the republic. Each had minimum requirements.

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imperium

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Imperium (from the Latin verb imperare, \"to command\") gives the consul or praetor the right to command an army and the right to enforce his will through corporal and capital punishment (symbolized by the 12 lictors that precede the consul or the 2 lictors [later 6] that precede the praetor, each carrying a the fasces)

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auspicium

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the right to take auspices (auspicia), that is to consult the gods , which had to be done before any important undertaking. auspices signified only the approval or disapproval of the gods. Importance: intertwining of church and state.

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pomerium

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was the sacred boundary of the city of Rome. In legal terms, Rome existed only within the pomerium; everything beyond it was simply territory (ager) belonging to Rome.

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province (provincia)

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at first not a place as a much as a task • the task could be associated with a particular place for an indeterminate amount of time • the task could be associated with a particular job (e.g., urban praetor vs. peregrine praetor) • with acquisition of vast territories, the provincia became ongoing and permanent

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comitia curiata

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was the principal assembly during the first two decades of the Roman Republic. During these first decades, the People of Rome were organized into thirty units called \"Curia\". The Curia formed an assembly for legislative, electoral, and judicial purposes.

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comitia centuriata

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capital cases, elect holders of \"Assembly by centuries\" imperium, declare war

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comitia tributa

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Government Assembly of all Roman citizens grouped by Tribes that elects lower magistrates and pass law.

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concilium plebis

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was the principal popular assembly of the ancient Roman Republic. It functioned as a legislative assembly, through which the plebeians (commoners) could pass laws, elect magistrates, and try judicial cases

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plebiscita

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Laws created by the plebeians. Important illustrating the conflict of the orders and the response of the plebeians after the first succession.

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proletarii (from proles)

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As defined in the Constitution of the Roman Republic, the proletarii constituted a social class of Roman citizens owning little or no property

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pax deorum

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Pax deorum was only given in return for correct religious practice. Religious error (vitium) and negligence led to divine disharmony and ira deorum (the anger of the gods).

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pontiffs

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College of Pontiffs became religious advisers to the Roman Senate. As the most important of the four priestly colleges, the college of pontiffs' duties involved advising the senate on issues pertaining to the gods, the supervision of the calendar and thus the supervision of ceremonies with their specific rituals, and the appeasement of the gods upon the appearance of prodigies. One of their most important duties was their guardianship of the libri pontificales, or pontifical books. Among these were the acta, indigitamenta (lists of invocations or names of deities), ritualia, commentarii, fasti, and annales (yearly records of magistrates and important events). These items were under the sole possession of the college of pontiffs and only they were allowed to consult these items when necessary.

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augurs

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The augur was a priest and official in the classical world, especially ancient Rome and Etruria. His main role was the practice of augury, interpreting the will of the gods by studying the flight of birds: whether they are flying in groups or alone, what noises they make as they fly, direction of flight and what kind of birds they are. This was known as \"taking the auspices.\"

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quindecimviri

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In ancient Rome, the quindecimviri sacris faciundis were the fifteen (quindecim) members of a college (collegium) with priestly duties. Most notably they guarded the Sibylline Books, scriptures which they consulted and interpreted at the request of the Senate. This collegium also oversaw the worship of any foreign gods which were introduced to Rome. Originally these duties had been performed by duumviri (or duoviri), two men of patrician status. Their number was increased to ten by a Licinio-Sextian law in 367 BCE, which also stipulated that half of these priests were to be plebeian

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haruspices

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...

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tribunes of plebs

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the first office of the Roman state that was open to the plebeians, and throughout the history of the Republic, the most important check on the power of the Roman senate and magistrates.

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municipium

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a distinct state under the jurisdiction of Rome. important because of the expansion of Rome.

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municipia sine suffragio

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Municipality without the right to vote.

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Lex Ogulnia

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300 BC, increased number of augurs to 9 and pontiffs to 8. Allowed plebeians to join these priesthoods.

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Lex Hortensia

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287 BC, resolutions of the assembly of plebeians binding to all Roman people. Tribunes of plebs gain enormous importance.

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Punic wars

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3 wars fought between Carthage and Rome between 264 BC to 146 BC. Rome emerged the dominant power in the mediterranean.

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Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus

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236-183 BC general during second punic war. notable for defeating Hasdrubal and taking Carthage Navo.

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Hannibal

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General of Cathage. Take over in 221, in spain. Declares second punic war in 218. Rome suffers worst defeat against Hannibal.

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Battle of Lake Trasimene

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217 - Battle of Lake Trasimene: Hannibal ambushes and destroys some 20,000 Romans, including the consul Flaminius

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Titus Quinctius Flamininus

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...

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Quintus Fabius 'Cunctator'

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Quintus Fabius Maximus is named dictator and develops the \"Fabian Strategy\" of delaying open battle with Hannibal, a tactic maligned by his critics.

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Battle of Cannae

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216 - Battle of Cannae: another signal victory for Hannibal as destroys another army that ranks as the worst defeat ever suffered by a Roman army.over 48,000 romans killed.

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Battle of Zama

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202 - Battle of Zama and defeat of Carthage

History of Roman Republic Exam #1

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