History of Naturopathic Medicine – Flashcards
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Mind-Body Medicine is _______, assesses the _______ ________ and their adaptation to life demands.
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Mind-Body Medicine is holistic, assesses the whole person and their adaptation to life demands.
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Which four areas does mind-body medicine explore?
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physical, emotional, mental (opinions and judgments; logical; rules), and spiritual (highest, finds connection between the others)
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Roots of Mind-Body
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traditional healers, shaman, yoga, Buddhism, Tao, tantra, medicine/psychology
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Which part of yoga/Buddhism/Tao/Tantra contributes to mind-body medicine?
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meditation, breath work, self-reflection, relaxation techniques
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What are the six points of Mind-Body medicine?
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focus on the whole person, experiential, increased awareness, learning, language skills, and desired state
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Focus on the Whole Person
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Healing involves conscious exploration of interactions between thoughts, emotions, memories, physical sensations, breathing patterns, imagery, personal narrative, etc
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Experiential
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The patient is an active participant. Therapeutic benefits happen during the visit (meditation/mindfulness/visualize how the situation could be different)
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Increased awareness
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Recognition of: symptoms (physical, emotional, beliefs) the 'story' self-defeating patterns, thoughts, language neutrality (reflective, observation of self, ego, thoughts, beliefs)
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Involves Learning
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Self regulation ('change of state', mindfulness, breathing) New, adaptive responses to stress
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Language Skills
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Recognition of self-sabotaging language Develop skills in the language of healing (present tense, affirmative, response vs. reaction) Develop a new, believable, narrative (life script - use of healing stories, myths, heroes)
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Desired State
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Letting go of expectation, conditions, goal seeking Imagery flow psychology (Sports - in the zone)
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What are three Mind-Body healing methods?
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Mind-Body Interview Interactive, mind-body, process- oriented psychotherapy (Cognitive behavioral therapy, Brief Therapy - EMDR, EFT, Holographic imagery, processing, hypnotherapy) Biofeedback (temperature, skin activity (GSR), muscle (EMG), Respiration, heart rate (RSA), Neurofeedback (EEG)
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What are the four bodies of Mind-Body medicine?
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physical emotional mental spiritual
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Physical Body
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Stress in the Physical Body often reflects problematic states effecting structural, visceral or physiological functions. Biochemical, physiological, and functional disorders may require physical or biochemical strategies for support.
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What are some supports for the Physical Body?
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Diet, herbs, nutritional supplements, hormones spinal, soft tissue, myofascial manipulation acupuncture, reflexology drugs, medication surgery, colonics, escharotics
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Emotional Body
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Stress in the emotional body often reflects the need for support of one's 'feeling' nature, often addressing old hurts and fears. Perhaps there is an emotional issue going on that remains unresolved, contributing to chronic stress. This could be due to a particularly recent event, or long-term patterns, carried like emotional baggage.
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What are some supports for the Emotional Body?
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emotional clearing techniques, brief therapy
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Mental Body
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Stress in this body usually reflects some stress caused by a person's own thought patterns. A belief about life, or certain people, that makes us pre-judge things in a way the generates stressful consequences. We begin to expect the worst, or don't leave enough room for things to resolve naturally, on their own. Expectations often lead to disappointment.
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What are some supports for the Mental Body?
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CBT, brief therapy, counseling techniques
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Name four types of brief therapy.
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EMDR EFT Holographic imagery, processing Hypnotherapy
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Spiritual Body
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Resources for healing are already within, waiting only to be noticed. One may only need to listen and allow their spirit to provide direction and guidance. The spiritual body is in charge of one's purpose, their mission. It will provide reminders about what's really important, of who we are, our mission, and what we originally set out to do. The Spiritual Body serves to Guide on through difficult times. Finds inner peace, connection, relatedness, acceptance, flow.
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What is the spiritual body in charge of?
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The spiritual body is in charge of one's purpose, their mission.
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Who/What is our guide through difficult times?
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The Spiritual Body
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What are some supports for the Spiritual Body?
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meditation, spiritual literature, vision quest, prayer, spiritual practices
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What does our life story provide for us?
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It provides meaning and context, predictability, justification. It explains and gives reasons.
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To change the story in healing...
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you have to make the new story real and believable; you make use of medicine stories, heroes, role models; and make it so that 'others' also believe it, make it convincing.
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Mind-Body Interview: Narrative: their story
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Who, what, where, when, why (triggers) Embedded clues to explain their symptoms Provides context and meaning to explain and justify their pattern
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Mind-Body Interview: Symptoms: Their reaction to stressful stiuations
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physical, emotional, mental explore for meaning, cost/benefit, seen reframe as coping
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Mind-Body Interview: Desired state
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Preferred ways of coping, reacting Reframe negative self image (is it really true? if you could shift out of this self image who would you be? If you did not have to be/cope this way, how would you cope?)
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What is the language of stress and illness?
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Describes negative state; 'Pain body' expressions Describes goals as double negatives (I just want to get rid of this painful suffering) Past tense or future reference Disconnected, separate, focused on differences
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What is the language of the desired state?
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Higher truth, authentic, unconditionally true Uses affirmative language Common ground, relatedness, rapport, Oneness Present tense, already true now (spiritually correct) Thankful, compassionate words Able to translate symptoms (ego) into kind affirmative language that brings about inner agreement
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Stress =
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The perception that you lack resources necessary to cope with the problem Environmental demands strain an organism's adaptive capacity, resulting in both psychological as well as biological changes that could place a person at risk for illness.
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Stressors are....
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things that interfere with an important personal goal. The more important the goal is, the more stress a person will feel when that goal is threatened.
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Who coined the current use of the term "stress"?
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Hans Selye 1930s-1950s Rat studies showed that rats produce enlarged adrenal glands, with adrenal hormone reaction, to various stresses
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General Adaptation Response
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Acute or Chronic stress -> resistance phase Pituitary -> ACTH -> adrenal stimulation -> increased secretion of glucocorticoids ->enhanced immune response to stress or infection (increased neutrophils and macrophages) -> plus weight loss and symptoms of illness
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Adrenal Exhaustion
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Chronic, relentless stress -> eventual loss of adrenal reserves -> failure of adrenal gland to mount adequate stimulation to stress -> collapse of animal, susceptible to illness, exhaustion, lethargy, depression
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What are Selye's four categories of General Adaptation Syndrome (Biological Stress Syndrome)?
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1) the "alarm reaction" characterized by an immediate activation of the nervous system and adrenal glands; 2) a "resistance phase" characterized by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation; 3) a stage of adrenal hypertrophy, gastrointestinal ulceration, along with thymic and lymphoid atrophy; 4) an exhaustion phase which may culminate with death.
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Events that may trigger stress are...
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calorie restriction (hypoglycemia) surgery sleep deprivation excessive exercise 'mental state'
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What is the principle of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology?
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It utilizes the interdependent nature of the mind, and the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems to effect specific and overall states of health and well-being.
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Can the immune response be learned?
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yes
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Who coined the term psychoneuroimmunology?
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Dr. Robert Ader, psychologist at the Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
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Name some highlights of Dr. Ader's work.
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1974: breakthrough scientific finding showing that a rat's immune system had "learned" a classical response. Pavlovian conditioning experiment: rats given saccharin flavored water followed by an infection of a nausea-producing drug, cyclophosphamide. Eventually, saccharine water alone produced nausea. Complications developed: some rats got sick and died after continued administration of saccharine water. It was determined that the drug used to create nausea also suppressed the immune system by lowering the number of T-cells. After giving the paired substances, saccharine water alone caused decreases in T-cell counts. The conditioned rats fed saccharine water eventually developed susceptibility to disease. This study preceded a series of experiments which proved that aspects of the immune system can, in fact, be conditioned.
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What are some health consequences of stress?
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decreased NK cell activity decreased S-IgA activity (secretory IgA) decreased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli increased E. Coli and Enterobacteria
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What is the first line of defense of our immune system and the most important aspect of humoral immunity?
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SIgA
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Where is SIgA found?
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SIgA is the most important aspect of humoral immunity in the mucus secretions of the digestive system, mouth, lungs, urinary tract, and other body cavities. Any decline in levels of SIgA decreases one's resistance to microbial pathogens.
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What is the effect of stress on SIgA levels?
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Higher levels of the catecholamine stress hormone epinephrine are significantly associated with lower SIgA concentrations. Daily problems, lack of a sense of humor, and negative emotions can decrease SIgA levels. A single five-minute experience of anger can produce a significant decrease in SIgA levels that can still be measured up to five hours after the emotional experience.
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What effect does stress have on intestinal microflora?
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Stress has a significant influence on the balance of intestinal microflora. Moore et al found "the compostition of the flora was not significantly affected by drastic changes in diet, but statistically significant shifts in the proportions of some species were noted in individuals under conditions of anger or fear or stress."
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How long after taking final exams did medical students have low T-cell proliferation?
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up to 6 weeks
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David Spiegel, MD Psychiatrist, Stanford University
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Support groups for women with metastatic breast cancer (terminal, poor prognosis) Studies showed that women in the support groups experienced better ability to cope. Women in the support groups survived twice as long as matched controls without support groups (Lancet, 1989)
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What themes did the Cunningham study find as significantly related to survival duration?
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Ability to act and change; willingness to initiate change; application to self-help work; relationships with others; and quality of experience.
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Herbert Benson, MD Harvard Medical School "Relaxation Response"
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taught monkeys to raise or lower blood pressure with biofeedback. Testing human meditators: produced dramatic shifts in physiology; decrease in O2 consumption, produce less CO2, slowed breathing, decrease ventilation, decrease in serum lactate, slower brainwave patterns = relaxation response.
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Jon Kabat-Zinn, PhD University of Mass. Medical Center
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Stress Reduction Clinic Mindfulness meditation classes taught in hospital setting, as complement to conventional therapies insurance companies are looking to programs such as these to evaluate potential cost savings
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Meditation for medical students
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Findings indicate that participation in the intervention can effectively: 1) reduce self-reported state and trait anxiety, 2) reduce reports of overall psychological distress including depression, 3) increase scores on overall empathy levels, and 4) increase scores on a measure of spiritual experiences assessed at termination of intervention. These results (5) replicated in the wait-list control group, (6) held across different experiments, and (7) were observed during the exam period.
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Name some techniques that elicit the relaxation response.
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Meditation autogenic training hypnosis progressive relaxation focused breathing
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RSA
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respiratory sinus arrhythmia
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HRV
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Heart Rate Variability
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During Mind-Body healing patients learn....
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to bring awareness to the physical sensations and symptoms in the body. to Establish conscious connections between thoughts, emotions, and physical symptoms. to bring awareness to the role of focused attention, language and imagery in sustaining, changing, and preventing symptoms. to develop personal skills to process, clear, and shift unhealthy reactions to stress into responses consistent with health and wellbeing.
