History of Massage Therapy Review Questions – Flashcards

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What is massage?
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The systematic manual or mechanical manipulations of the soft tissues of the body by such movements as rubbing, kneading, pressing,;rolling, slapping and tapping for therapeutic purposes
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What are some of the benefits of of massage?
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1. Promotes circulation of the blood and lymph 2. Relaxation of muscles 3. Relief form pain 4. Restoration of metabolic balance
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What title should be used by men and women trained in the art of massage?
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Massage technician or massotherapist
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What does masso or massein mean and where did the term come from?
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Greek root word means to touch, handle, knead or squeeze
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What does massa mean and where did the term come from?
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Latin root word means to touch, handle, knead or squeeze.
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What does mass'h or mass mean and where did the term come from?
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Arabic root word means to press softly
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What does makeh mean and where did the term come from?
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Sanskrit word means to press softly
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Why is massage considered on of the earliest remedial practices of humankind?
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It is said to be the most natural and instinctive means of relieving pain and discomfort.
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WhAt are the natural tendencies towards treatment of injuries and discomfort?
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To touch, press, and rub that part of the body to obtain relief.
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What are some of the healing practices of prehistoric peoples?
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They massaged their muscles and rubbed herbs, oils and various substances on their bodies as healing and protective agents.
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How many ancient cultures practiced massage?
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Nearly all of them
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Who usually administered the healing practices in ancient times?
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Healer, spiritual leader or doctor
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How long has massage been a major part of medicine?
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At least five thousand years
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How long has massage been important in Western medical traditions?
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At least five thousand years
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When were the first writings on massage done?
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500 B.C.
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How long have the Chinese practice massage?
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Since 3000 B.C.
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What is amma?
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Special procedure used by the Chinese to improve their massage techniques.
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What is tui-na?
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Modern term for Chinese massage which means push-pull.
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When did the practice of amma method of massage enter Japan?
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Around the sixth century A.D.
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What are the tsubo points?
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Points pressed to effect the circulation of fluids and Chi, and stimulate nerves.
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What is Chi?
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Life force energy.
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What is shiatsu?
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Japanese finger pressure technique
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How long has massage been practiced on the Indian subcontinent?
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Over three thousand years
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Who introduced massage to India?
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The Chinese
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What is tshanpau?
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Massage at the bath. Included kneading the extremities, tapotement, frictioning, anointing with perfumes, and adjusting the joints of the fingers, toes and neck.
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When did massage spread to Europe?
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Well before 300 B.C.
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What type of emphasis did the Greeks place upon health and exercise?
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They made gymnastics and the regular use of massage part of their physical fitness rituals.
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Who was Aesculapius and what was his contribution to massage?
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Greek priest-physician who was worshipped as the god of medicine.
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What does ascesis mean?
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Exercise
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What is ascete?
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A person who exercised his or her body and mind.
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Who was Herodicus and what was his contribution to massage?
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Greek physician of the fifth century B.C. He prolonged the lives of many of his patients with diet, exercise and massage using beneficial herbs and oils
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Who was Hippocrates and what was his contribution to medicine?
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He was a pupil of Herodicus and a descendant in the lineage of Aesculapius. He became known as the father of medicine. His code of ethics for physicians became known as the Hippocratic Oath of today.
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What is anatripsis?
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Word used by Hippocrates meaning the art of rubbing a part upward, not downward.
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Who taught the Romans about massage?
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The Greeks
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Who was Celsus and what was his contribution to medicine?
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Considered to be one of the most eminent of Roman physicians. He wrote De Medicina which deals extensively with prevention and therapeutics using massage, exercise and bathing.
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Who was Galen and what was his contribution to medicine?
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Greek physician to the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, is said to have discovered that arteries and veins contain blood. His medical texts were the principal ones in use for more than a thousand years.
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Who was William Harvey and what was his contribution to medicine?
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English physician credited with discovering the circulation of blood in 1628
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Why did massage decline in 180 A.D.?
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When Constantine converted to Christianity, he abolished and destroyed the baths and gymnasiums because of widespread abuses of a sexual nature.
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How did the Middle ages influence massage?
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The use of massage declined in part to wars and to religious superstitions that caused people to fear placing too much importance on the physical self. It Europe it was abandoned in favor of other remedies.
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Who primarily practiced massage in the Middle Ages?
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Laypeople, fold healers and midwives
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Who was Rhazes or Rhazi and how did he influence massage?
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Islamic Persian philosopher/physician. He was a follower of Hippocrates and Galen.. His most important book was and encyclopedia of Arabic, Roman and Greek medical practices that esteemed the use of exercise, diet and massage in the treatment of disease and the preservation of health.
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Who was Avicenna and how did he influence massage?
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Persian philosopher/physician who authored the "Canon of Medicine" that is considered the most important single book in medical history.
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What occurred during the Renaissance?
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Interest was revived in the arts and sciences. Classical writings of the ancient Greek, Roman and Persian masters were revived and studied as a basis from which to develop new ideas.
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How did the printing press influence health practices?
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It led to the publication of many scholarly writings in the arts and sciences. The advancement in the distribution of printed materials also helped stimulate interest in better health practices.
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Who was Amborse Pare and what was his contribution to medicine?
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French barber-surgeon, one of the founders of modern surgery and inventor of the ligation of arteries, described in one of his publications the positive effects of massage in the healing process. He classified massage movements as gentle, medium and vigorous frictions and employed flexion, extension and circumduction of joints.
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What role did laypeople and commoners play in the conservation of massage?
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They have practiced it throughout history and was passed on as an art and a gift.
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Who was John Grosvenor and what was his contribution to the healing arts?
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English surgeon and a practitioner of chirurgy (healing with the hands), stressed the value of friction in the relief of stiff joints, gout and rheumatism. His efforts helped further the belief in massage as an aid to healing.
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Who was Per Henrik LIng and what was his contribution to massage?
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Known as the father of physical therapy. He systemeized and developed movements he found to be beneficial in improving his own physical condition. He called the system of movements Medial Gymnastics.
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What are active movements?
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Performed by the patient and could be referred to as exercise
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Waht are active assisted movements?
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Performed by the patient in cooperation with the therapist. Correspond to modern-day resistive and or assistive exercises
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What are passive movements?
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Performed by the therapist to the patient and would be considered range of motion and massage
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Who was Mathias Roth and what was his contribution to massage?
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English physician that studied under Ling. Published the first book in English in the Swedish Movements. Established the first institute in England to teach Swedish Movement Gymnastics.
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Who was Charles Fayette Taylor and what was his contribution to massage?
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New York physician who in 1858 introduced the Swedish Movement Gymnastics to the United States. The technique became known as the Swedish Movement Cure.
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Who was George Henry Taylor and what was his contribution to massage?
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Brother of Charles Fayett Taylor. They started an orthopedic practice in NY. Introduced the Swedish movement Cure to the United States and brought massage into public and medical acceptance.
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What was Swedish Movement Cure?
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Swedish Movement Gymnastics.
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Who was Dr. Johann Mezger and what was his contribution to massage?
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Established the practice and art of massage as a scientific subject for physicians in the remedial treatment of disease. Acknowledged by many of the authors of his day as the founder of scientific massage. Thru his efforts massage became recognized as fundamental to rehabilitation in physical therapy. Responsible for terminology effleurage, petrissage, tapotement and even massage
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Who was Dr. Douglas Graham and what was his contribution to massage?
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Considered to be the father of Swedish massage in the United States. Practitioner and historian of massage who wrote extensively about the subject for fifty years.
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What are some of the reasons for the decline of massage in the twentieth century?
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The increase in lay practitioners and unscrupulous schools and practitioners
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Who was Dr. Emil Vodder and what was his contribution to massage?
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Developed manual lymphatic drainage
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What is Manual Lymphatic Drainage?
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A method of gentle rhythmical massage along the surface lymphatics that accelerates the functioning of the lymphatic system and effectively treats chronic lymphedema adn other diseases of of venous or lymph circulation
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Who was Elizabeth Dicke and what was her contribution to massage?
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German. Developed Connective Tissue Massage
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What is Connective Tissue Massage?
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Directed toward the subcutaneous connective tissue and is believed to affect vascular and cisceral reflexes related to a variety of pathologies and disabilities.
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Who was Dr James H. Cyriax and what was his contribution to massage?
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English orthopedic physician. Credited with popularizing Deep Transverse Friction Massage.
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What is Deep Transverse Friction Massage?
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Broadens the fibrous tissues of the muscles, tendons or ligaments, breaking down unwanted fibrous adhesions and thereby restoring mobility to muscles in a way that cannot be achieved by passive stretching or active exercise. Effective treatment in restoration and rehabilitation of muscle injuries.
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How did massage improve its image following World War I and II?
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It was directed more toward relaxation and athletics and less toward rehabilitation.
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What are some of the factors that contributed to a favorable image of massage in the 1960's?
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Increased awareness of physical and mental fitness as well as the increasing cost of traditional medicine
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What is Chiropractic and who developed it?
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Dr. Daniel David Palmer began teaching techniques of directed manual pressure against the bony processes to manipulate the vertebrae of the spine and other articulations of the body.
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What is Swedish system of massage?
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Based on the western concepts of anatomy and physiology and employs the traditional manipulative techniques of effleurage, petrissage, friction, vibration and tapotement. Employs movements that can be slow and gentle, vigorous or bracing, according to the results the practitioner wishes to achieve.
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What is the German method of massage?
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Combines many of the Swedish movements and emphasizes the use of various kinds of therapeutic baths
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What is the French and English system of massage?
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Also employ many of the Swedish massage movements of body massage. May excellent facial massage and beauty therapy treatments originated in France and England
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What is acupressure and who developed it?
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Stems form the Chinese medical practice of acupuncture. Based on the principles for assessing and treating the physical and energetic body and employs various methods of stimulating acupuncture points in order to regulate Chi (the force of life)
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What is shiatsu?
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Japanese system. A finger pressure method based on the Oriental concept that the body has a series of energy (tsubo) points.When pressure is properly applied to these points, circulation is improved and nerves are stimulated.
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What is sports massage?
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A method of massage especially designed to prepare an athlete for an upcoming event and to aid in the body's regenerative and restorative capabilities following a rigorous workout or competition. Achieved thru specialized manipulations that stimulate circulation of the blood and lymph.
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What is polarity therapy?
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Method developed by Randolph Stone using massage manipulations derived from both Eastern and Western practices. Exercises and thinking practices are included to balance the body both physically and energetically
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Waha is the Trager method?
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Uses movement exercises called mentastics along with massage-like, gentle shaking of different parts of the body to eliminate and prevent pent-up tensions
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What is Rolfing and who developed the technique?
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Systematic program developed out of the technique of structural integration by Dr. Ida Rolf. Aligns major body segments through manipulation of the fascia or the connective tissue
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What is reflexology and where did it originate from?
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Originated with the Chinese and is based on the idea that stimulation of particular points on the surface of the body has an effect on other areas of organs of the body
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