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Latin Alphabet

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The Latin alphabet came by way of the Romans from Greece Original alphabet had 21 letters: ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVX. Y and Z were added after fall of Greece. J, U, W came during the middle ages

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Illuminated Manuscript

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term came from dazzling gold leaf to decorate a page the term is used for all decorated and illustrated books from the late Roman Empire until the printed books replace manuscripts in Europe around 1450 CE.

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Graphic Design

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Graphic Design is the process of communicating visually using text and images to present information and or promote a specific message. visual + verbal = Communications Graphic Design is the art of Communication

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Typography

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The study, use and design of identical repeated letterforms

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Broadside/Broadsheet

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Single leaf or paper printed on one side only (poster) single leaf of paper printed on two sides (front and back)

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William Caxton

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The first English printer, translator, and publisher, had great influence on English Literature. — studied the printing press — set up a press in Brugge about 1474, and the Recuyell, the first book printed in English, was published there in 1475 — first to translate novels and romances to English

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Logogram/Pictogram

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a simplified image illustrating a specific word. (heart) (logo) one symbol that represents one word. (@ $ #)

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Alphabets

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a set of visual symbols used to represent the sounds of he spoken language Phoenician Greek Roman Latin Korean

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Korean Alphabet

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14 consonants and 10 vowels designed in symbolic block shape Contemporary Korea has 24 letter very last alphabet

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Renaissance

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Means rebirth. New beliefs in scientific rationalism. Greek and Roman classical ideas. A new love of learning.

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Invention of Paper

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105 CE Ts'ai Lun of China — Soaked rags in bark, beat them into pulp, then spread the fibrous pulp on a mold, pressed them flat, allowed it to dry a bit then peeled the resulting sheet of paper from the mold to thoroughly dry. — Chinese used their new invention as wrapping paper, wallpaper, toilet paper and napkins.

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Watermark

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A trademark that is built into fine papers by including raised designs in the paper molds.

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Joann Gutenberg

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42 line bible moveable type — Became the first book printed in Europe using movable type technology. He constructed and reworked for two decades a functional printing press with interchangeable reusable letters and the appropriate inks for process. —His printing press was based on technology of the existing wine press. However, the key to Gutenberg's invention what the type mold used for casting the individual letters. This technology was used for nearly 400+ years. — Joann also invented the type mold used for casting individual letters.

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Chinese Calligraphy

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Visual and Spiritual language. It is not an alphabet. Every symbol is composed of lines in an imaginary square.

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Intaglio

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printing process in which the ink sits below the surface of the plate.

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Humanist Typefaces

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very first typeface produced. were based on handwriting of that time.

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Bubonic Plague

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bacterial infection that claimed 1/4 of the continents inhabitants during this time. Came from immigration.

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Ephemeral

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nothing lasts forever, things are eventual thrown away, not intended to be retained or preserved. Read page 89.

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Exemplars

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handmade model layouts and manuscript texts as guides for the woodcut illustrations, typesetting, page design and printing dummies.

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Nuremberg, Germany

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Nuremberg becomes a printing center, ultimate hub of inventions

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Albrecht Durer

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1498 published Latin and German editions of "the Apocalypse" illustrated by his 15 woodcuts. — 32 page book used Koberger's type — known for the classic book, type on the left, illustration on the right. wanted book to be readable by literate and illiterate. very detailed illustrations

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Copisti

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hand letterer (production)

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Moveable Type

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1040 CE moveable type was being executed in China. Pi Sheng, renowned master, is believed to be the inventor. — Individual clay stamps used like a wood block on waxed iron plate that could be cleaned and reused.

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Relief Printing

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(block printing) Ink sitting on a raised surface.

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Mass Communication

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a powerful vehicle for spreading ideas about human rights and the sovereignty of people, and printing stabilized and unified languages. Gutenberg's invention was the first mechanization of a skilled handcraft, It set into motion over the next 300-400 years the process that would lead to the Industrial Revolution.

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Woodblock Printing

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raised images cut into wooden slabs, then inked.

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Joann Fust

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Wealthy merchant who lent money to Gutenberg so he could continue his work on bible and books. — Fust and Gutenberg set up a for common profit partnership in the production of books. — By 1455 the work of the first edition of the 42 line bible was almost complete when Fust sued Gutenberg for 2026 gliders in payment of loans paid + interest. — Gutenberg could not pay, Fust took him to court. The court ruled inferior of Fust, Gutenberg was locked out of his printing shop.

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Xylography

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relief printing

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Square/Rustic Capitals

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Greeks stolen by Romans (uppercase) drafted with stately proportions and clear legibility. Greeks stolen by Romans (lowercase) condensed letterforms to save space and easier to write

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Colophon

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Inscription at the back of a book describing its production studio, methods

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1st Paper Mill

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The first paper mill was established in Fabriano, Italy.

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42 Line Bible

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The 42 line bible had two volumes containing 1282 pages. Each text line had about 33 characters and 2500 characters per page drawn from a font of 290 characters which included alternate characters and ligatures. The columns were justified because Latin could be abbreviated freely up to 6 letters per word.

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Phoenician Alphabet

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(very first alphabet ever) was adopted by the ancient Greeks.

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Nicholas Jensen

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cut a very legible typeface based on the scripts that scribes were using in Italy and France. humanist typeface

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Fraktur

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(German Blackletter) dominated the writing industry in Germany and Central Europe for several hundred years.

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Uncials/half uncials

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(Greek) very first form of a capital letter. Rounded letterforms, had fewer strokes and could be written more quickly and easily than square Greek letters. very first lower case letters. shorter with ascenders and descenders. Precursors to lowercase letters. Could be written more quickly

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Incunabula

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Printed books. "Latin for swatting cloth" because they were produced during the infancy of printing.

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Majuscules/Minuscules

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capital letters lowercase letters

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Anton Koberger

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Germany's most esteemed printer, Anton Koberger (1440-1512). His firm staffed 100+ craftsmen operating 24 presses, printing over 200 editions including 15 rubles and he owned 16 bookshops.

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Diminuendo

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decreasing scale of graphic information

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Saul Bass

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mid-20th century designer, master of film title design

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Papyrus

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a paper like substrate for Egyptian manuscripts. Made from papyrus reed fiber. papyrus was beaten into a paste, spread out / flattened, and dried by the sun.

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Textura

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(very first form of serif typeface) repetition of vertical letter strokes capped by pointed serifs. Also called gothic or black letter. All vertical strokes were drawn first then adorned with strokes to create letters. a handwritten black letter font that originated during the 1200's in France.

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Parchment/Vellum

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(very first form of paper) a writing surface made form the skins of domestic animals, particularly calves, sheep and goats. Washed stretched whitened with chalk and pumiced smooth. It was popular because of it's flexibility, availability, and transportable. finest parchment, is made from the smooth skins of newborn calves.

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Invention of Printing

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Printing, a major breakthrough in human history, was invented by the Chinese.

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Peter Schoeffer

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Gutenberg's assistant, artist/designer, partnered with Fust and took over the printing and designing of the bible. — Together they created largest and most prestigious printing firm in the world. — Fust contracts black plague and died. — Schoeffer and his associate Conrad Henkins, who married Fust's widow, continued the business. — Joann Gutenberg died Feb. 3rd 1468

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Rotunda

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a rounded form of Textura, developed in Italy in the early 1400's

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Schwabacher

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mid-1400's, Southern Germany, distinguished itself with dynamic capitals.

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