History II Ch 12 Sec 1-5 Class Notes – Flashcards
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How did nationalism contribute to the start of WWI?
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Acting in country's own interest-> causing warfare when going against another country's interests. Minorities wanted to rule-> ethnic nationalism (AH wanted Serbia, Serbs wanted Serbia)
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What were the two causes of the stalemate in the West?
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Equal sized armies on each front and trench warfare
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What was the main reason that the US stayed neutral at the start of WWI?
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Economics-> they would make money sending food and supplies to countries in war (trade investments)
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The alliance system in Europe was designed to maintain peace. Yet it seemed to make the conflict worse once the fighting began. Explain this inconsistency.
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The idea made sense, but the idea pulled other countries into the war. AH declared war on Serbia, then Russia is pulled in, Germany comes to the aid of AH, and France joins in, Germany invaded France through Belgium so Belgium enters. GB enters due to alliance with Belgium
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Why did Germany's use of U-boats lead to conflict with the US?
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1.) Attacked without warning (unrestricted submarine warfare) 2.) US is neutral, they should not be bothered by the goings on of the war 3.) Germany broke their pledge
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Why did Germany end the Sussex pledge?
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They thought they could win the battle in France and defeat Britain bore the US could enter the war.
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Why did the Zimmerman note enrage Americans?
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1.) It was a secret document that the British leaked. 2.) The audacity of Germany that they thought Mexico could defeat the US' s prowess
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Why wWhat would the US have had to do to avoid the conflict of WWI?
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Keeps ships out of waters patrolled by the U boats (Atlantic Ocean/ European waters)
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Why did the US not take such actions?
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Money-> if they did not trade, they do not make money, people would not be paid -economically crippling -politically unpopular
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Why were convoys important to American war efforts?
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New troops and supplies would make it safely to the war
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In what ways was the US unprepared to help the Allies in 1917?
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-small army -national guard lacked training -marines were busy patrolling central am and pacific
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In what ways did the US offer immediate help to the allies?
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Supplies,14500 troops led by Pershing, naval support, weapons, 3 billion in loans and supplies
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Why did Germany agree to an armistice in in November of 1918?
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The central powers collapsed, and ethnic empires imploded, declaring Germany only one left standing. This happened due to domestic revolution attacks by allies and the central power troops realised the war was over so there was a mutiny at PORT KIEL and it spread.
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How did new weapons change the way that soldiers fought during the war?
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Tanks allowed them to get across no man's land and into or over the trenches. Aircrafts were used to scout out enemies, direct combat, and drop bombs.
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How did America's losses in the war compare to those of germany, France and britain?
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Germ, AH, Russia -> 1 million France-> 900,000 US-> <50,000
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How might these loses affect how people in these countries remember wwI?
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They lost an entire generation and there was extensive physical and psychological damage. Remember it as a struggle.
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What was the role of price controls and rationing g on the home front in wwI?
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Gave the president the ability to control the production and distribution of food and fuels vital to the war effort.
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What were 3 ways the government intervened on the home front in wwI?
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-new federal agencies -liberty bonds -price controls -daylight savings time
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How did the government deal with newspapers, magazines and movies during the war?
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Government censored press and banned certain films challanging them and calling them out.
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What was the primary purpose of selling liberty bonds?
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Raised money for the war (1/4 of war cost, sent 10 bill to GB)
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What else did the government's effort to sell bonds accomplish?
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It led to patriotism, and was a great way to rally the public.
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Describe 3 of Wilson's 14 points
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-there shall be no secret alliances (publicized) -removal of trade barriers -reduction of military forces (less threatening) - self-determination -formation of the league of nations -freedom of the seas (unrestricted submarine warfare)
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How did the allies both encourage and discourage self-determination in europe?
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They let some choose to be their own, but muddled some together in one country (czechoslovakia) and they were inconsistent in the way in which it was applied
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Why did France and britain demand reparations from germany?
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Wanted to punish germany and have them suffer.
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How did the US eventually make peace with Germany?
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The US Senate approved a seperate peace treaty in 1921 -> president Harding signed it
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Why do you think Americans opposed the Versailles Treaty?
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Article 10-> they would be dragged into war if a nation within the league of nations or treaty got atracked
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Why did the 14 points fail as a basis of peace negotiation?
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It did not serve the ends of the other allies, France and britain would cripple G by reparations and land
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What were the reasons for the start of wwI?
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Assassination of the Arch Duke, Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism and Secret Alliances
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Who assassinated the Arch Duke?
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Princep
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Imperialism
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Scramble for new colonies
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AH used the assassination to do what?
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As an excuse to declare war and crush Serbia
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Schieffen Plan
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Called for germany to quickly knock out France and then turn east to defeat russia
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Central Powers
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AH, germany, bulgaria, ottoman empire
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Allies
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UK, france, russia, romania, serbia, mentenegro, greece, portugal, italy, US
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What is modern warfare?
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The introduction of machine guns, rapid fire artillery, tanks and airplanes.
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Battle of Somme
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British suffered 20,000 deaths in one day
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Who was the ruler of Germany?
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Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
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Preparedness movement
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The US should be in position to help britain if necessary, persuade US government to set up training camps and an increase in armed forces spending plan.
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Peace movement
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Reform groups protested the war, peace advocates promoted using the income tax to pay for the preparedness movement (this failed)
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What was the British passenger liner in which 128 Americans died?
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Lusitana
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What caused russia to pull out of the war and the US to go in?
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Czar Nicholas II forced to give up the throne and replaced by a Republican government
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Women during wartime
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11, 000 served as nurses, drivers and clerks.
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Harlem Hell Fighters
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Black infantry regiment, loaned to the french. Received France's highest combat medal.
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Lenin and Bolsheviks?
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Overthrow republic government in russia. Lenin signed truce with Germany in 1918. Due to this German troops break through tranches and advance deep into allie territory
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Americans save paris
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Over 1 million AEF troops force Germans to retreat, and Harbod is the first to publicly state that trench warfare isn't working anymore.
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Aces
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WwI dogfighters
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Red Baron
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Rickenbacker, good marks man, bad pilot
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Results of the war
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-50,000 US men dies in battle -G, F, GB, and AH lost 2 million men each -whole generation of young men lost -the sick and wounded outnumbered the dead -genocide
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War industry board
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Oversaw war related production like materials, fixed prices
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War trade board
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Licensed foreign trade and punished firms suspected of dealing with the enemy
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National war labor board
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Operated under Taft, worked to settle disputes that might disrupt the war effort.
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War labor policies board
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Set standards for wages, hours and working conditions in war industries
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Lever food and fuel control act
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Gave the president the power to manage the production and distribution of food and fuels vital to the war effort.
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Food administration
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Hoover, price controls and rationing
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Fuel administration
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Hoover, daylight savings time set up under lffca
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Committee of Public information
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Creel, Rally support for war
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National security league
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Literacy test for immigrants, and nativity is set from this such as preferential treatment for jobs
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Sedition act
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It is illegal to obstruct the sale of liberty bonds or to discuss and ring disloyal.
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Debs
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10 year jail term for criticizing the US government
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Industrial workers of the world
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Radical group which wanted to overthrow capitalism
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Changing Peoples lives
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-500,000 African Americans joined great migration to move north for factory jobs -400,000 women joined the industrial work force for the first time
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Paris peace conference
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-republicans are alienated -big 4 control it - allies wanted to divide up Germany's colonies -Russian go did not take part
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Big 4
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US, France, Italy, GB
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League of nations
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-ensure security and peace for all members -flaw = article 10 -39 senators rejected the LoN because of Article 10 -allies accepted it
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Self-determination
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-9 new nations created from AH - several nations created a N/S buffer dividing Bolshevik Russia from europe -created new ethnic minorities -ottoman empire reduced to turkey
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Treaty of versailles
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- Germany to pay reparations -33 billion which they could not pay -treat is signed in 1919 (but not by the US) -senate rejects it 3x -1920, senate votes to disregard it and declare war over -congress ratified seperate peace treaties with germany, Austria and Hungary in 1921
