history finals – Flashcards

~Republican ideas impacted all aspects of American society, politics, and economy ~the idea of equality increased the development of of capitalism and a market economy in the capitalist commonwealth ~republicanism also increased racial solidarity among whites and racism and exclusion toward blacks, therefore strengthening slavery as an institution ~relations between men and women and parents and their children became less conservative and more based on love and affection towards one another, therefore men and women began to marry each other because they actually loved each other and not for financial reasons. ~Republicanism eroded the idea of. An established church, giving rise to to other protestant sects during the second great awakening ~women increased their rights to education, divorce, and playing an active role in public ~REGIONAL DIFFERENCES: included a much more property rights-based idea of republicanism in the slave-based south , where free labor and a respect for liberty were minimal ~slavery and heavy southern investments in the institution over industrial development accounted for the main value differences in republicanism between north and south

~identity was based on republicanism and strong faith in equality among whites in society and politics ~slavery had produced a race-based society where whites exercised class and racial solidarity by excluding blacks from political rights and enslaving them ~there was a strong rural and capitalist identity based on Indian removal and the growth of a market and transportation system utilized by white immigrants heading to the trans-Mississippi west ~slavery was a force or unity and disagreement : it brought whites together racially but divided the white population regionally, politically, and economically as slavery became more profitable in the south by 1820. ~desire to economically develop the nation into a market economy united Americans in a capitalist ethos, but also divided them over the constitutional and moral methods to achieve national wealth ~religion was a strong force of unity and contention : the second great awakening united Americans in a passionate faith in protestant Christianity, but also created competing protestant sects

~~BUSINESS ELITE : they were wealthy, removed physically and ideologically from lower social classes and the middle classes, and very reclusive. The managers and owners of industry, they inhabited separate residential neighborhoods in large cities and were exploiters of cheap laborers ~~MIDDLE CLASS : they engaged in ordinary economic transactions of society. They viewed themselves as man-made men, based on hard work ethic and moral and mental discipline from heavy drinking and gambling. They also possessed a strong belief in public education ~~URBAN WORKERS AND THE POOR : the urban workers were dependent on the upper classes for work, engaged In manual or skilled labor, they joined unions and went on strike, inhabited working class neighborhoods. THE POOR suffered terribly from disease , inhabited housing in the slums and had a high rate of alcoholism, crime and fighting and high unemployment

~~THE ELITE CLASS gained wealth, led increasingly reclusive lives , had servants and didn't engage in any type of labor. They took part in the social reform movement and feared the lower classes. They also experienced a decrease in birthrate ~~MIDDLE CLASS women left the workforce and became full-time homemakers, increasing their literacy and decreasing their birth rate. Their desire for education and work life increased, as did their participation in church and social reform movements ~~WORKING CLASS WOMEN, the working conditions became worse as a result of urban locations, long hours, low pay, and the harsh environment of factory employment. They increasingly entered the industrial workforce, joined unions and went on strike. Disease and alcoholism increased while life expectancy decreased ~~POOR women found that their housing and work conditions became worse as cycles of unemployment increased from market revolution and industrial growth

~~Jackson supported Indian removal because he believed it was constitutional and that it was the destiny of Americans to possess the land of the native Americans, and because the national government was entitled to remove the Indians and pay them for their lands to fulfill this national destiny. In fact, he dedicated his career to move the Indians to the southeastern portion of America ~~Removal of the native Americans did not help preserve native American culture, in fact it destroyed it. It removed native Americans from their ancestral lands by force, causing them to lose the foundation of their culture and beliefs, it also completely wiped out tribes and tremendously decreased the native American population.

farmers and artisans sought refuge and security during the panic of 1837. Americans who were displaced as a result of the industrial revolution wanted to create communities as symbols of social protest and experimentation during a time of social change. ~~John Noyes was the creator of the Oneida community which was a utopian society that embraced "complex marriage" in which all the members of the community were married to one another. The community rejected monogamy to free women from their status as property of their husbands, also to raise the community children he set up nurseries ran by both men and women. To participate in the quest for equality the women cut their hair short and wore pants like the men. ~~gender relationships were very prominent since many of the communities viewed Christianity as central to their function. The social decay of America was connected to the lack of Christian values in society and the need to repudiate marriage and sexual pleasure in favor of celibacy and moral purity.

the domestic slave trade expanded as a result of the opening of new lands taken from Indians in the southeast and south west which provided new opportunities for white economic development and new demands for slave labor. ~~southern planters looked to transporting slaves from Africa and from the Chesapeake region as well. when the atlantic slave trade was outlawed, the southern planters looked to the Chesapeake region where the African American population was growing rapidly due to natural increase

Sometimes slaves would temporarily run away from the plantation as a way of bargaining with the plantation owner, they would go to a sympathetic free person to negotiate on their behalf for things like better treatment, less severe working conditions, and sometimes for bigger food rations. even though this was risky because the punishment for a run away slave was so severe, but sometimes it would work. ~~in other situations, slaves would break equipment or fake illness to slow the pace of their work. ~~slaves realized the brutal punishment of resistance so they tended to favor escaping instead, some escaped to Florida instead of the north because it was closer where they would form hidden communities and intermarry with indians

After the war of 1812, the southern plantation system was rapidly expanding as a result of cotton cultivation, this was the most important factor in the development of the domestic slave trade. Another important factor would be the readily available number of slaves in the south due to natural increase. ~~the domestic slave trade brought misery, separating families and increasing the sense of insecurity amongst the black people. Mothers would never know when or if their children would be taken overnight by slave traders. This made it difficult for slaves to start families or have children at all.

The compromise of 1850 resolved the issue of whether or not to legally allow slavery in new lands acquired from Mexico. Results included: ~~a new fugitive slave act that gave federal support to slave catchers ~~the admittance of California as a free state resolved the dispute between new mexico and texas in favor of new mexico and abolished the slave trade (but not slavery) in the district of columbia ~~ ////// the south benefited more from the compromise because slavery remained legal in the nations capital, the federal government would increase its use of force to return escaped slaves to their white masters and the remaining lands taken from mexico could decide for themselves if they wanted slavery. the north, however, could claim that it had put limitations on slavery, indicating a slow death to the institution over time