History Final Essays – Flashcards

-The lives of industrial giants and industrial workers during the period of the 2nd revolution were very different. The industrial giants were considered the "Captains of the Industry" meaning that they were the leaders of the industry because they were giving money away and helping to push America forward and drive the economy. They had a good life style such as mansions—sometimes more than one and nice clothes. On the other hand, industrial workers did not have it so easy. Industrial workers had low wages, and harsh working conditions. Nearly 35,000 people died per year because of these conditions. Also, more women and children were working because they were cheap labor. These people had to work a lot harder to earn things than the Industrial giants did.

There was a variety of reasons why the industrial workers wanted to unionize and strike post-Civil war. For one, their working wages weren't all that great. They were very low actually, which made it hard for them to survive, and feed their families. Working conditions were also terrible, the work environment that the majority of these people worked in were extremely unsafe. In fact, 35,000 people died per year on the job. There were some problems and roadblocks with forming these unions and strikes. One of them was the fact that not many people cared to participate in them they found it more important to try and keep their jobs so they could support their family. Also at this time a a majority of the co-workers were immigrants. These immigrants did not care for these strikes. This was because their main goal was to just come to America and make some money and then move back to their home country. They didn't care about the conditions or the long term conditions of the work force; they just wanted to get their money and leave. The middle class also did not approve of these. They found them to be violent and inappropriate. Without the support of these groups, it was made harder for these workers to unionize and go on strike successfully.

Important Union Organization that emerged in the 2nd half of the 19th century: The Knights of Labor was the first group to try to organize unskilled workers as well as skilled women alongside men and blacks as well as whites. Involved workers in strikes, boycotts, political action, and education and social activities. Led by Terence V Powderly and their major aim was to end the use of public and private police forces and court injunctions against strikes and labor organizations. Key Strikes: -Pullman Stirke, 1894, Pullman Palace Car Company, Outside of Chicago where railroad sleeping cars were manufactured, called a strike to protest a reduction in wages. Workers had to live in company housing, Company was charging higher rent and then cut wages 25%, Workers decided to go on strike and stop working, They got support from American Railroad Union, once they get involved people stopped working on railroads so trains didn't move and within days thousands of railroad workers went on strike in more than 27 states. This paralyzed railroad transportation for a long time. Gov of Illinois goes to President and finally troops are sent it. The American Railway Union, whose 150,000 members included both skilled and unskilled railroad laborers, announced that its members would refuse to handle trains with Pullman cars. When the boycott crippled national rail service, President Grover Cleveland's attorney general, Richard Olney, obtained a federal court injunction ordering the strikers back to work. Violent clashes between troops and workers erupted from Maine to California, leaving thirty-four persons dead. Eugene Debs was jailed for contempt of court for violating the judicial order. The Supreme Court unanimously confirmed the sentences and approved the use of injunctions against striking labor unions. Of the many union organizations that emerged and strikes that were held in the second half of the 19th century the American Federation of Labor and the Homestead Strike both stand as the most important. The American Federation of Labor was started by Samuel Gompers and was a very small union. This union was so small because it only allowed for skilled workers, and most of the workforce at this time was unskilled. The American Federation of Labor had a strong belief that women should not be working in factories. They argued that if women worked in factories, they were taking potential jobs away from the men. They thought that women working in factories would also lower the wages for men to work. The American Federation of Labor only supported women's rights of women who were already working. The Homestead Strike was the most important strike by far. This strike was took place in Homestead, Pennsylvania at the Homestead Steal Work factory. At Andrew Carnegie's "Canegie Steel Company a strike broke out, when workers' wages were cut multiple times. After finally being cut so low, that workers were not sure if they were making enough money to support their families, the workers went on strike. When they went on strike, strikebreakers were hired, and paid to do the work that was not getting done. This infuriated the workers on strike and caused them to rebel even more. This battle became the 2nd largest and one of the most serious disputes in U.S labor history. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for the efforts to unionize steelworkers.

They didn't have a lot of success because... 1. Union power couldn't match the power the company owner had. 2. Only 4% of people in unions 3. Tensions within unions and workers 4. Immigrant workers were only planning on staying for a short time period so they didn't care. 5. Unstable economy, hard for them to be effective. 6. Opposition from middle class 7. Lack of leadership 8. Anti-union sediments from both employers and government 9. U.S. Courts 10. Unions much less able to organize strikes. There were several weaknesses that caused labor unions to not have the amount of success that was expected. The leading labor unions only accounted for 4% of all workers, making these unions un- affective. There was also a lot of class, gender, ethnic, and racial tensions in the unions. Most did not allow women and certain races to be a part of their unions. Also, since immigrants and middle classes did not support unions, they became very un-eventful. Lastly, it was hard for these unions to counter the amount of power and money that these companies had.

Rocky Mountain School -Painted pictures of what the West looked like -Shows freedom and wildness of the West -Painted and symbolized the West via the Rocky Mountains Dime Novels -Heroic cowboy stories -Idea of cowboys and cowboy culture arising -Free/can live the way they want Wild West Shows -Took people in other parts of the country to the "West" so they could have an image of what the West was like -Depicted the dramas of frontier life in the Native American horse races, buffalo hunts, and battle scenes East saw them as free and full of adventure, and was seen as a place for opportunity for those seeking to improve their conditions and have economic opportunities. Artists and writers were working to create an image of what the west really looked like by making it look like a desirable place to live. They worked to promote the west and selling the fantasy of living there. These works helped to create the image of the cowboy by making it seem like it was a fun life to live. This was created by Wild West Shows and Buffalo Bill. These shows slowly started to move towards the East.

Impact on Natives 1. Options were to fight, go North, or stay where they were. 2. A lot of people were attacking the Natives 3. Federal government is attacking tribes. 4. Killing Native Americans because of retaliation to raids. 5. Buffalo hunting was done as a sport to hurt Native American population who relied on them. -Buffalo were killed and NA's used them for meat, hides, food, clothing, and shelter. -The Federal Government acquired Indian land by war and treaty, administered land sales, regulated territorial politics, and distributed land and money to farmers, railroads, and mining companies to incorporate the West. The Native American s in the United States we're impacted greatly by the incorporation of the western territories. Native Americans were being forced to move to different territories and were only given a certain amount of land per tribe. Native children were being sent away to boarding schools to be taught how to act like an American child; these people were being forced to assimilate to the American culture. In attempts to push the natives off of U.S land completely, many people attacked the natives, as well as their main source of food and clothing; the buffalo. In doing such, Americans nearly killed off the entire buffalo species

Dawes Act: Tribal land was divided up and given to individual people or families. Impact: 1. Point was to assimilate them, the extra land is then opened to be sold to settlers 2. Kill the Indian, save the man. 3. Women also affected because they don't get land 4. Government is building churches on reservations. 5. Indian Boarding Schools. Children forced to go and taught to be "right kind of person". -The act broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families. With the remainder auctioned off to white purchasers. Policy proved to be a disaster, leading to the loss of much tribal land and the erosion of Indian cultural traditions. In the half century after it passed, Indians lost 86 million of the 138 million acres of land they possessed. After 1865 they were forced to cede much of their land to the gov and give land to some of their former slaves. Union army launched a campaign against the Navajo in the SW, destroying their orchards and sheep and forcing 8,000 people to move to a reservation set aside by the gov. Nearly all officials believed that the federal gov should persuade or force the plains Indians to surrender most of their land and to exchange their religion, communal property, nomadic way of life, and gender relations for Christian worship, private ownership, and small farming on reservations. During this time period, the United States Federal Government as well as the people of the United States was trying to make the removal of Native Americans officially happen. In 1887 the government passed the Dawes Act. The Dawes Act divided the reservation land into lots, and each lot was given to families. Not all the land was allotted so there was some left over, becoming available for settlers to buy this land. This is supporting assimilation.

Populism: is for the people also called the Peoples Party, coming from the people who are rural farmers. -Big farming industry at this time. Early 1890s, People's Party, did not just attract farmers, it sought to speak for all the "producing classes" and achieved some of its greatest successes in states like Colorado and Idaho, where it won the support of miners and industrial workers. Attracted veterans of the Knights of Labor by condemning the use of court injunctions and private police forces against strikers. Major base lay in the cotton and wheat belts of the South and West. Populism was a political party that was very short lived. This party was sometimes also known as the Peoples Party. This party emerged from the Famers Alliance group and consisted mainly of famers who were working together to fight for things that they wanted to improve. At this time, famers were dealing with many issues such as isolation, competition with bigger farms, transportation costs and also the weather and drought. Farmers were also upset with the decline of their status in the country. They believed that they used to be the backbone of America and no longer were needed. These were the kinds of things that led to the group forming. This emergence of this party shows how advanced America was becoming and the decline in the need for farmers due to factories and such. It also showed that people wanted to start fighting for themselves and making a change in things that they did not agree with. - Unsuccessful because it was made up of all farmers when farming is on the decline, they were small in numbers which meant that they were smaller in voice and power, and there was very little economic or political change to help these farmers fix the things that they needed to.

-Black codes and Jim Crow laws reinstated slave codes (HAVE AN UNDERSTANDING OF BOTH) -Rise of violent terrorist groups like the KKK (LOOK INTO OTHER GROUPS) -Few opportunities of places to live and where to work -Disenfranchisement took away voting rights (grandfather clause) (LOOK UP DISENFRANCHISEMENT) -Segregated schools There were many things that influenced the rise of racial segregation in the South. After the Reconstruction period, all of the rights that blacks had previously been promised were quickly broken. The segregation bean when the democratic party began to re-gain control in the South. While the Democratic Party was on an up rise, disenfranchisement was happening---meaning that blacks were losing their rights to vote. Though this was a direct violation of the 15th amendment, certain devices were used to end black voting such as poll taxes, literacy tests, and the understanding of the state constitution—all of which black did not have or know. There was also such thing as a grandfather clause in many places, saying that a black was allowed to vote if and only if their grandfather was allowed to, which was highly unlikely since most of their grandfathers were all previous slaves and had never had the right to vote. The Plessy V. Ferguson court case also played a large role in the rise of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal. The "separate but equal" doctrine was created during this case, meaning that blacks would have the same rights as whites, but they were not allowed to be integrated in public places or in general.

-Formation of NAACP (WHAT IS THIS??) -"Community Formation" (WHAT IS THIS??) -Created black schools, newspapers, churches, clubs -Formed their own jobs within the black middle class -Black women became leaders = focused on racial uplift (EXAMPLES) -"if blacks act respectful and get jobs and act civilized they will be noticed by whites equally" Though the black population was not fond of the idea of racial segregation and racism in the South, they went about dealing with it for the most part in a very positive way. Blacks at this time believed in the idea of "Racial Uplift". They strongly believed that if they acted in a respectable manner, got an education and jobs, and lived up to the standards of these whites, that they would in return have to treat them equally. They believed this because they thought that their stereotypes based on white's perspectives was that they were ignorant, and in doing these things they would be able to change these perspectives. Most of the efforts to change these perspectives were positive, but not all blacks were entertained with the idea of racial uplift. Some blacks were tired of waiting for their rights, and that waiting even longer would not be in their benefit because things would never change. This disagreement among the blacks created divisions within the black community.

American foreign policy during the 1890's was increasingly important because of foreign trade; the U.S was worried that we would run out of natural resources. The U.S intervened in Cuba and the Philippines because Cuba had been struggling for independence of the Spanish, and Americans were supportive of this idea because the Spanish had a brutal regime over the Cubans. At one point a U.S ship was blown up and the government blamed this on Spain. Within a few months of that happening the U.S has taken over Cuba, Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Cuba then becomes independent from Spain and Spain gives Puerto Rico and Guam to the U.S and the U.S occupies the Philippines. The U.S military refuses to leave Cuba, and Cuba is barred from making any alignments with other countries. The United States emerged as an imperial power as a result of the Spanish- American War. U.S wanted to help because we did not want immigrant in the U.S. We helped to make sure of that and we wanted to gain land for resources and power.

During the late 19th century the white American response to immigrants was not a positive response. At this time, there was a rise in Nativism meaning that there was an overall belief that the white race was superior to everyone else. The native born white population typically disliked immigration because there was a concern that they could get involved without democratic system and change things. There were many negative illustrations of these immigrants in the media that hinted at the fact that immigrants were coming to take over this space. Though Americans did not like immigrants being here for these reasons, they were not opposed to immigration because immigration was beneficial in terms of working and wages. Instead of getting rid of immigration as a whole, people began to place restrictions on these immigrants. For example, in California restrictions were placed on Chinese immigrants, stating that they were not allowed to work in gold mines or on the railroad. It was restrictions such as these that led to the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, which eventually banned Chinese immigrants from coming to America as a whole. This was the first ban ever put on immigrants and lasted until 1943. Americans were not fond of the idea of immigrants coming to their country.

1. Growing cities in unhealthy living conditions increased disease and fires. 2. Growing environmental degregation 3. Lead to reforms 4. Rise of public health programs 5. Urban poverty and crime 6. People began to attempt to change society because workers felt big businesses were threatening them and women wanted better conditions for them and their children There were many different strains on urban life in the late 19th and early 20th century that helped to lead to the Progressive Era. These strains were housing, fire and disease, poverty and crime, machine and bosses, and the fear of the city. Many people at this time lived in what were called tenements. Tenements were very small, crowded, and unsanitary homes with high rent prices due to overpopulation. Since these tenements were made out of wood and were very unsanitary, the buildings were more prone to fires and the people living there were more prone to disease. At this time crime was increasing nationwide, which in turn also had an effect on poverty at the time, since things were constantly being stolen. Bosses at the time were providing things that the city did not yet provide in order to become popular and in control. Lastly the fear of the city was a strain on life. Many people believed that the richer people would move to the suburbs because they could pay for the transportation to get in and out of the city meaning that the remaining people in the city would be only poor people. This led to the Progressive Era and rise of reform because people's eyes were opened to things that needed to be changed.

-Labor activists, women, middle class -They thought that people needed reform, such as religious beliefs There were many people getting involved in the Progressive movement for many different reasons. These people included the women and government, workers, the middle-class and muckrakers. Women were particularly interested in getting involved in this in order to increase living conditions for them and their families as well. The government helped women in this by passing the tenement house act which regulated living conditions. Workers got involved in order to fight for better working conditions and better wages. The middle class was drawn to this movement in the fear that monopolies would hurt them in the future, and muckrakers were very drawn to this movement because they were the ones who got to expose such conditions. Muckrakers were usually journalists who got to first hand explore and spread the news about what these working, living, and social conditions were at this time.

-Settlement house Movement: Idea that progressive reformers have a duty to help all people, create settlement houses that offer construction, help immigrants learn English and culture, and act as a daycare for children; offered shelter for abused women -Women's Christian Temperance Movement- Elimination of alcohol will restore peace and order in society There were many different social and moral reform movements that occurred during the Progressive Era. These included the addition of public places, the settlement house movement, and immigration restrictions. The addition of public spaces included working to provide people with places within the city that could help better their lives such as museums, libraries, and movie theatres. The settlement house movement was primarily made for women and children and aimed to teach them things that they needed to know such as how to cook, and to watch after one another. A famous example of a settlement house was the Hull House created by Jane Adams which aimed to Americanize people and better their lives. At this time 80% of the population was immigrants, which called for restrictions to try and get them to move out of the city. People believed that getting rid of immigrants would help to improve the reform

Municipal Level - Counteract political bosses and machines, City Council size reduced, Attempt to eliminate politics from city gov, Hired city managers, Municipal socials offering services to citizens State Level - Political, social, business reform, Created a direct primary, recalls, and gave people a large role in legislation, abolish unsafe working conditions, have to attend school, limit work hours for women and children Federal Level - 4 amendments added, 16th = income tax, 17th = direct election of US senators, 18th = prohibition, 19th = womens right to vote There were three levels in which political reforms took place in; municipal, state, and federal. The municipal level is within the city. This level aimed to improve things in the city and provide people with things such as water and transportation of better living conditions. The state level in within the state, on this level many things were created such as the direct primary, recall, initiative, and referendum to allow their people to be involved in legislation. The federal level dealt with things within the entire country. They did so by passing 4 new amendments; the 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th all of which gave more

Federal governments needed to create a balance between the need of big business and the need for competition Wanted controlled business practices that would lead to bigger interstate foreign monopolies Limits and monitored all Mergers Sherman anti-trust act- no person or company can monopolize interstate or foreign trade. Progressives such as Theodore Roosevelt envisioned many things for the federal government politically, socially, and in terms of business. They wanted a strong government that would benefit people in many aspects of their life. Some things benefitted people socially, such public places. Public places were created such as libraries, museums, and movie theatres to better people's lives in terms of learning and leisure. People were impacted politically by the 3 different levels of reform: municipal, state and federal. These levels opened up opportunities within the city, within the state, and nationally for people to get involved with the politics and laws in the country in which they were living in. In terms of business, Theodore Roosevelt and the progressives worked to get rid of monopolies—or single business owners who had control over everything. The progressives worked to split up corporations and many laws were now passed about how businesses could go about promoting their products because in the past, things had been falsely advertised.

-Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance -Germany forms an alliance with Austria Hungary empire. .Russia decides to form an alliance with France and Britain to counter the treaty. -Both wanted control over the Balkans, but the Balkans wanted self rule (AH and Russia) There were two alliances forming at this time: the Triple Alliances (the Central Powers) and the Triple Entente Powers (Allies). The central powers were made up of Austria Hungary, Turkey, Italy, and Germany. The Allies were made up of Russia, France, and Britain. The war sparked when Arch Duke Ferdinand—the heir to Austria Hungary's empire was assassinated by a group called the Black Hand group, all of which belonged to Serbia. Since both Austria Hungary and Russia wanted to gain control over the Balkans, the Black Hand group believed that this action would help, but actually did the exact opposite. Out of anger, exactly one month later, Austria declared war on Serbia. Since Russia had such strong ties with this area, they obviously sided with Serbia. Britain and France then both become involved.

-They were benefiting from the war because they were neutral and they would trade with all of these countries and their big businesses would benefit. -Submarine warfare brought us into the war -Zimmerman telegram -Germans encourage Mexico to declare war on US for land lost (New Mexico) -British find telegram and show US At this time, the United States was benefitting from the war, because they were neutral. By being neutral, and not taking sides, they were able to trade with all of these countries. While trading with these countries, Germany sinks two large ships; the Lusitania, and the Sussex. These ships were sunken because they belonged to the countries of Britain and France. The problem with Germany sinking these ships was that there were Americans on board of these ships. The United States then tells Germany that if they do not quit doing this, they would cut off ties with them meaning that we would no longer trade or associate with them. Germany stops sinking ships for about a year, and then continues to do it again. Shortly after Germany beings sinking ships again, a telegram is found by the British and is showed to the United States, stating that Germany is encouraging Mexico to get involved on their side and take control over Texas. This infuriated the Americans, and immediately caused the United States to get involved in the war.

Opposed: People opposed it because it would cost a lot of $ and the idea that war was too far away no one wanted to get involved, immigrants didn't support it because they came from different backgrounds, women were especially opposed because they didn't want to have to send their sons, and they didn't want their sons killing other mother's sons. -There were more oppositions to the U.S getting involved in the war than there was support. Many people believed that getting involved in this war could hurt America economically. Before getting involved, the U.S was selling and trading weapons with mostly all of the countries since they were neutral in the war, and now since they had taken a side, there was a worry about if the newly opposing countries would actually pay their credits back. Immigrants and women were also very opposed to the idea of going to war. Immigrants did not support it because they were all coming from different backgrounds—meaning that some of the countries that the United States would now be supporting were the countries that they fled because of an issue that they had with that certain place. Women particularly did not like this idea of war because they did not want their sons to go off to war. They did not believe in training their boys to fight and to kill. To get people to want to support this lot of posters and propaganda were used. Eventually, there was a draft, because not enough people were in support of the war.

It was connected to the treaty of Versailles League of Nations would salvage the 14 points it would be a non-governmental body that would do policy without making politics US felt that the league would commit the US to an open-ended involvement in the affairs of other countries The League of Nations was created by the Treaty of Versailles and was set up to be a non-governmental body that would do policy without making politics. Basically, the League of Nations was designed to put an end to so many wars. It aimed to make the countries solve their issues before it resulted in war. The United States however, did not decide to join the league. The U.S felt that the league would commit them to involvement in the affairs of other countries and could start potential wars in the future.

-People were buying all types of products. They were buying big things like fridges, vacuums, and TV's and they were buying small things like cleaning products. By people buying these supplies, it led to a change in what the women were doing in the house. -Consumerism increased the number of people buying cars. With more people buying cars they needed more people to work in the factories to make the cars, so many more people had jobs. Consumerism had a large impact on society in the 1920's as people started buying things that were promoted through advertising. The majority of things that were bought were appliances or electricity. There was a lot of "splurges" of buying done during this time. Items for cars such as tires and cars themselves were starting to be advertised more now. This increase in advertising cars urged families to go on vacations, which created the rise in the hotel industry. Things in the country had started to revolve around the convenience of travel.

Women went from wearing clothes that cover their bodies to wearing shorter dresses. They started cutting their hair short. Started dancing in bars and clubs and were considered flappers. Started pushing for equal rights for women and women's rights to vote. Wanted rights before 1920s but started to really voice their opinions and do something. -Many things changed for women at this time. Women were beginning to move away from the idea of femininity and more toward Flappers. This meant that women were now wearing shorter and tighter clothing, began to wear their hair shorter, and began to dance differently. Altogether, women were becoming more and more conservative with both their looks and their actions. During this time, there was also a rise in the push for women's rights. This was when they really began to push the idea of women being able to vote as well as equal rights for women in general.

During the Harlem Renaissance, Harlem became a cultural cneter for African Americans. They started to create their own music such as jazz and blues which became popular. But Harlem had big white population which made it so that African Americans still didn't have all the equal rights. At bars where black musicians played, only whites allowed in. New leaders for blacks. Some wanted to stay in US and make a difference and others thought they should go to Africa or nothing would change. -In Harlem, NY at this time, there was a predominantly white population. While most of the population was white, Harlem quickly became the center of black artists and musicians. The rise of blues and jazz music became large as a result of the incline of African Americans in Harlem. However, the city was still segregated as the works of these African Americans could be played in white bars, but only whites were still allowed to attend. This re-brought up the issue of segregation in public places and forced many new black leaders to get involved such as W.E.B Dubois. Dubois believed in the idea of pan-Africanism meaning that the only way to disperse of racial tensions was to unite together. Others, such as Marcus Garvey were not fond of this idea, and believed that the only way to get rid of the issues was to get rid of the blacks.

There was a rise in nativism and in the KKK at this time because of the rise in immigration in the U.S. Americans started to put temporary restrictions on these immigrants, and eventually these restrictions became permanent laws. These restrictions caused a drop of nearly 150,000 immigrants coming into the country. These restrictions also caused for an increase in illegal immigration. The KKK became much larger and different in the 1920's than it had been in the past as well. . The group now consisted of white-native born Protestants, and instead of prosecuting only African Americans, the KKK now had a belief that the enjoyment of American freedom should be limited on religious and ethnic backgrounds.

During the 1920's Americans started moving towards a more conservative religion. This led to a greater hatred for the different religions coming over from different countries. Against dancers and flapper girls. Started to question what was being taught in schools. Biggest conflict was the scope trial and teaching of social evolution. Led to more mobs/gangsters because prohibition started having problems. Mob leaders started to sell alcohol which caused major problems. -During the 1920's, the idea of religion came back into play. People believed that religion in a sense could "clean everyone up" such as the women who were dressing like flappers and the KKK. Fundamentalism was important strain of the 1920's politics and culture. This idea of fundamentalism supported the idea of Prohibition and did not support the idea of evolution being taught in the classrooms. ( talk about Scopes trial). Helped to reduce the amount of alcohol by putting a ban on alcohol, but increased crime.

People were buying more things than they had $ for. They were having to get loans and having to pay interest. Also buying stocks that they didn't have $ for. More products were being produced than people were buying. Factories were producing products so fast that people didn't need to buy them that fast so they weren't making $ off of their products. They were losing money. -There were two major things that led to the stock market crash and the Great depression. First, it was possible for people to buy stocks with not only cash but also with loans. In order to purchase a stock, people were able to pay half of the value of the stock and the other half could be paid in loans. People however, did not have enough money to pay these loans back. Without being to pay these loans back, banks were at a loss of money as well as companies that had stocks because their stocks were not being paid for in full. Secondly, companies were still producing a lot of products—meaning that they were producing more products than people were buying. This in turn led many companies to bankruptcy. People not paying their loans resulted in banks not having enough money to give out more loans, which resulted in companies not getting their stocks paid for which resulted in the crashing of major companies which resulted the decrease or ending of wages for workers which in turn resulted in the Great Depression

Hoovers response to the depression was to get the economy stable again. He thought if he could stabilize the economy and the banks then everything would work itself out and people would start getting back on their feet. He also cut taxes which he thought was helping but it made it so the government wasn't making enough $. So they couldn't help people. FDR's response differed because he tried to help the people. He made financial programs that would help the banks but also made programs that would offer jobs to people. Programs to get peoples houses back/big businesses on their feet. -Hoover was very educated in the economy but was not so much educated politically. In order to try and fix the Depression, Hoover focused on restoring the stability of the economy. Hoover did this by first asking business owners to maintain employment and wages. The only problem with this was that businesses were not making enough money and selling enough to keep wages steady. Hoover then cut taxes with the plan that people would buy more things because they would be cheaper. He also began foreign business and trading again, the only problem with this was instead of America being the only one dealing with economic issues, trading could potentially bring other countries down economically. Lastly, Hoover attempted to stabilize banks which also failed quickly. When FDR became President, he took a completely different standpoint on the depression. FDR single handedly saved the Great Depression from lasting any longer by introducing the First New Deal. The New Deal consisted of financial programs to save the banks. By starting in saving the banks, FDR in return saved the people. With the help of the New Deal, banks and businesses were able to reopen. Almost all banks that had reopened saw more deposits than withdraws, and a large majority of people's homes were saved or were now able to be paid for. Not long after, the Second New Deal was introduced, which added more programs and aimed to better the economy even more than the First New Deal. It is safe to say that Hoover did not do a great job in fixing these problems, and FDR did.

People had to start to move away from consumerism. Didn't have $ to spend because they had lost their jobs so they could not buy everything they wanted. Had to start returning to their way of life before the 1920's. Start making their own food and clothing, had to start being self-sufficient rather than getting everything from factories and businesses. Many women lost their jobs that they had gotten during the 1920's. Because there were limited jobs, found respectful that women give up their job for the men. Found disrespectful if the husband and wife had a job. Women went back to working in the home. -The Great Depression impacted many American people and culture. The country had to start to return to the way that things were before the depression. Americans did not have money to spend due to the depression and the loss of jobs, so they could no longer buy things that they wanted but rather would have to save for necessities. They basically had to move away from consumerism. The women of this time were impacted greatly as well, because they had lost the jobs that they had gotten during the 1920's. Since jobs were so scarce, the jobs that women previously had, were to be given to the men who needed them first. It was found respectful for the women to give up their jobs for the men. Since they no longer had jobs, most women went back to working in the homes.

Though the New Deal did not fix the depression, it most certainly helped many groups of people. However, women and minorities were not positively affected by the New Deal. After the depression and the start of the New Deal, the jobs that were previously held by women were given to men. It was seen as respectful for women to give up their jobs to the men and return to working in the home. Men needed to have these jobs, because they would still be able to provide for their families, as opposed to the wife and the husband both not having a job. Minorities were greatly affected by the New Deal in a negative way as well because the deal primarily aimed to help the white population gain jobs, and rebuild their lives economically and socially. This means that minorities such as immigrants were often overlooked for jobs, as the jobs were given to white American men.

The 4 categories of the new deal were financial programs, relief and job programs, industrial programs, and agricultural programs. Financial programs were intended to help banks. It was supposed to help get banks on their feet and get $ back. By doing this, it would help the rest of the economy. This program helped because people started making more deposits rather than withdrawals. Helped people start saving $ instead of spending. -The details of the First New Deal were split into 4 main categories. These categories were financial programs, relief and job programs, industrial programs, and agricultural programs. All of the categories had an impact on getting America to become economically sound again, but the financial programs stood out as the program that people needed most because most of them did not have jobs during the depression and therefore did not make any money during the depression. Though finances were a huge issue at the time, the relief and job program had a large influence on fixing the economy. In order to fix their finances, the people at this time needed to have a job and earn wages. Under the relief and job program was The Tennessee Valley Authority. This authority focused on providing jobs to the unemployed and in certain circumstances would even provide key services for people such as supplying electric power to many rural Americans. Both the financial and relief and job programs of the New Deal played a large role in helping to get Americans back on their feet and had large impacts on re-stabilizing the economy in the United States.

The 2nd New Deal focused on more economic redistribution and economic security.1 example of the 2nd new deal was critic of big businesses. Big businesses started to get taxed more and the number of unions doubled. -The Second New Deal was similar to the First New Deal and was an attempt made by FDR and the government to even further better the economy and the lives of Americans and put an end to the depression for good. Similar to the First New Deal, the Second New Deal consisted of helping programs for the people. One of these programs was the Works Progress Administrations or the WPA. The WPA helped to provide jobs for the country. The majority of these jobs consisted of large projects for the U.S such as construction job and road work jobs. These jobs were made to benefit both the worker as well as the country as a whole. The workers were benefiting from working these jobs because they were lucky enough to have a job and an income at a time when jobs were so scarce. The country as a whole was benefited from these as well because most WPA jobs directly taught or improved something.

The Supreme Court ruled that the government couldn't have as much control over business and agriculture programs as it did during the New Deal programs. In the end the New Deal ended because the Great Depression ended. Didn't really end it itself but it did help people get by. Only helped certain people, not the people most in need. -The Deal programs were important to have, but they were not what put a direct end to the Great Depression—they were merely a helpful pathway in fixing the poor economy. The Depression lasted long after the New Deal ended; in fact, it lasted up until the start of WWII. These programs failed mostly in part because FDR pitched the idea of having six more justices into court. The court thought that this idea was crazy. This attempt to add justices made people change not only their views on the New Deal and if it was really actually working or not and they also began to have opposing views on FDR. People thought that FDR was becoming too power hungry. The thing that put an end to the Great Depression for good was the U.S involvement in WWII. Though getting involved in another war was highly frowned upon, and the U.S tried to be as isolated as possible from getting involved, economically being in the war actually helped the country. This helped so much, because in order to go to war, we had to have supplies to fight with, in order to have supplies, someone would have to make them and in order to have people to make them, and new jobs would have to be created. Before the war had happened, the unemployment rate was on a steady downfall. It wasn't until the start of the war that these rates began to stop falling.

Change in makeup of Democratic and Republican parties. After this the federal government and the president assumed a much larger role in society. -The New Deal changed American people and government in many ways. It changed the people because it offered them opportunities to in a sense start fresh and get their feet back on the ground after one of the most devastating economic problems in U.S history. The programs under the New Deal not only offered people opportunities to return to their lives the way that they were before the depression, but also offered programs that benefited the country as a whole. For example the WPA or Works Progress Administration had a large effect on the work that was done in public areas such as road work, construction, and teaching. The New Deal also played a large role in the change in government. One of the first changes that occurred after the New Deal was the change in support of the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party was now associated with the South and the Republican was now associated mainly in the North. Since the Democratic Party was mainly in the South, it was often perceived that Democrats were fairly racist white men while the Republican Party was not associated with racism nearly as much since a majority of it was in the North. Very few blacks voted for the candidates that were part of the Democratic Party and the voting for the candidates that were part of the Republican Party. Also, government changed in terms of authority. Shortly after the ending of the New Deal, both the president and the federal government both assumed a higher role in society. In terms of government, and the people, things changed immensely because of the New Deal.

-Rise in facism, occurring in a number of countries, involved Hitler, Mussolini, Franco, etc. Facism - form of gov where the nation is placed ahead of the individual. US didn't like this. -Japan invades China. China didn't do much because they were involved in their own civil war. Between nationalists and communists. War could start here. -One major event that led to WWII was the rise in fascism. Fascism is the idea in which a nation is put before an individual. Fascism tended to occur in countries that do not have strong democratic traditions and often have many problems that need fixing such as Italy, Spain, Germany and Japan. Fascism became so popular in countries with poor democratic traditions because many of the people living in these countries such as Adolf Hitler believed that democracy had always failed them. Many of these countries had a large number of issues that needed to be fixed, and instead of waiting for their poor democracy to solve them, they began to take it upon themselves for these actions, and in doing so, these countries began to blame other groups of people for their countries problems. For many of these countries, being able to fix these problems on their own and blame them on someone else was a goal to recapture the glory that their countries had lost in WWI. For example, in Germany, by the command of Adolf Hitler, a form of fascism called Nazism is formed. Nazism aimed to regain the glory that Germany once had, fix the countries problems, and blame the issues of Germany on Jews. The beginning of the blaming and termination of Jews began when Germany first annexes Austria. Hitler then demands for Sudetenland, which the Czechs will not give up. Germany asks for help from both Britain and France to take over Sudetenland, but both do not choose to help, but also do not turn down the offer either. This was the point in which the Czechs adopted the idea of appeasement, or giving into Hitler and Germany in order to avoid future involvement in war. The Czechs make the mistake of giving Sudetenland to the Germans. Since the Czechs gave away the land in fear, Hitler knew he had an upper hand and was able to take over more land. He then continued to take over the rest of their land. It was at this point in time that Hitler and the Germans began to persecute and mass kill Jewish people, destroy Jewish homes and synagogues, and businesses. Germany's actions of taking over Sudetenland, the Czechs land, and killing off Jews alone quickly showed that fascism had taken over, and the war was drawing near. Another example that is often overlooked in U.S history is the take-over of China by Japan. Japan moves in and takes over the country of Manchuria which was located on the far eastern side of the country. This invasion did not attempt to do much or fight back with Japan not because they did not care, but rather, because they were already involved in another war between nationalists and communists. In 1937, Japan then invades the rest of China, which in return marks the start of WWII.

Isolationism: A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups. ) The US adopted this because we aren't near the war and it's not our business. By 1941 it looked like the US was going to join the war not because we had been provoked but because we joined the allied side in Europe. -Appeasement: The policy of granting concessions towards potential enemies to remain in peace with them. Britain and France had a really bad war so they wanted to appease Germany. They told Hitler that he could have the Sudentenland if he promised not to take anymore land and then he invaded Poland so Britain and France declared war on Germany. -The policy of appeasement was adopted by the countries of Britain and France. Appeasement or the act of giving an aggressor what they want in order to avoid war was used by both Britain and France against Germany. In Germany, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler began to take over other countries land in attempt to gain more land for the German people because he believed that they were superior. Hitler first began gaining more land for his people by annexing Austria. After taking over Austria, Hitler demanded to the land of the country of Sudetenland. Britain and France were not happy by the Germans trying to take over this land, but eventually used the policy of appeasement and gave into the demands of Hitler to ignore going to war with Germany. The policy of isolationism was adopted by the United States. Isolationism is the act of a country isolating itself, and avoiding getting involved in foreign affairs such as war. Leading up to WWII, the U.S tried to use the policy of isolationism because they did not believe that the affairs that were going on in other countries such the takeover of China by Japan and the demands of land take-over by the German Nazis needed to involve our country. We also adopted this, because at the time, the U.S had trade ties with Japan and Germany; both of which were involved in wars. Either way, if we joined the war and joined with the Allies or the Axis powers, we would be losing trade with one country or another.

-European front: -Battle of Britain 1940 germany wanted to launch a land invasion into Britain and then the war would be over -by 1941 it looked like the US was going to join WWII not because we had been provoked into it but join on the allied side in Europe -Pacific front: -we don't like how aggressive japan has been in Asia, we didn't want to have a two front war, we want to keep away from Asia because we're focusing on Europe. pearl harbor Dec. 7 1941 the Japanese attack pearl harbor in Hawaii, we declare war on both japan and Germany -At this time, Japan had started to take over China, and Germany had begun to take control of Austria and countries around it such as Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia. United States had adopted the policy of isolationism, meaning that they did not want to get involved in the war because they did not feel as though they needed to get involved with affairs that did not affect the U.S. directly. The U.S passes legislation that we can no longer trade with anyone. Though they could no longer trade, the U.S still began to provide the Allied Powers with food and supplies. The U.S's intentions of staying out of other countries affairs were slowly diminishing. The policy of isolationism could only work for so long for the states. On December 7th 1941 Pearl Harbor, Hawaii is attacked by the country of Japan. The United States then declares war on Japan immediately the next day.

The start of WWWII had a big impact on both women and minority races. WWII had an impact on women because they began to take e role in the war as well. Since there were so many men off at war, there was a need for factory workers, so women took the places of the men who were off at war. Married women were often the workers in these factories and were greatly affected by the war because their husbands were off to war, and they needed a way to provide for their families, which meant that working was hardly even an option. It was now seen as patriotic when women would work for their husbands why they were gone to war. WWII also marks the start of women being able to serve in the military, but they were restricted to serving only as nurses. Monitories were impacted by the war because they were now allowed to fight, and many of them had to go off to war, and were able to participate, but still had some restrictions placed upon them -many of them were not actually allowed to fight. Interment camps at this time for Japanese- Americans. There was a line drawn along the country, and if you lived on this side of the line, you were sent there because it was assumed that you came from Japan.

-Communism was occurring in North Korea but not in the south. The North invaded the South to put it all under communist control. The US got involved and pushed the North Koreans out of the South meanwhile China helps North Korea push the US and South Korea back down to the South. -The United States also got involved with North Korea and Vietnam. Communism was occurring in N. Korea and Vietnam, and the U.S wanted to stop this in the fear that it would spread to other places and the U.S. Also, Cuba, Cuban Missile Crisis and Bay of pigs.- soviets aimed missiles at U.S. U.s Tells them to stop.

-Spies and home grown communists contributed to the Red Scare. Alger Hiss attended a lot of conferences and was charged with passing secrets to the soviets.

-The baby boom meant there was more time and money for kids. People needed bigger houses and they started purchasing them in the suburbs and leaving downtown. Cars became popular because people were moving away; people could get to places faster. Cities declined because they were left out of developments and strip malls.

-More and more women were starting to work out side of the home. Married women with children that were middle class were working. People thought that this was different because usually men were the only ones who physically went to work. Women were earning less than half of what men did.

-The Youth-juvenile delinquency: clothing, slang, tv shows, rock and roll etc. -The "Beat" generation-artists, intellectuals, musicians, middle class, rejected limitations of middle class suburban life. Read poetry, jazz, experimented with other religions, philosophy, drugs and sex.

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