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A general count. Made a plan that called fo a swift knockout of France, followed by defensive action against Russia.

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Alfred von Schlieffen

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The basis for the armistice. The foundation for later peace treaties. Key recommendations: open covenants (agreements) of peace, openly arrived at; absolute freedom of navigation on the seas in peace and war and so on.

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Fourteen Points

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The Bolshevik rulers ended Russia's involvement in the Great War by signing ___________ with Germany. This gave the Germans possession or control of much of Russia's territory and one-quarter of its population.

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Treaty of Brest Litovsk

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The most extensive military operations outside Europe took place in the southwest Asian territories of the Ottoman Empire. On the beaches of ___________ is where ottoman armies successfully fended off Allied forces and retreated slowly on all fronts.

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Gallipoli

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A combination of nations commonly referred to as the Allies. Originated in a series of agreements between and France and between Britain and Russia that aimed to resolve colonial disputes.

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Triple Entente

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This denied the Germans a navy and an air force and limited the size of the Germany army to 100,000 troops.

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Treaty of Versailles

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Inherent in nationalism was the idea that peoples with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form sovereign states; this concept is termed ____________-___________

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Self-determination

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A nineteenth-century movement that stressed the ethnic and cultural kinship of the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe and that sought to unite those peoples politically.

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Pan-Slavism

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This is also known as the Central Powers. This grew out of the close relationship that developed between the leaders of Germany and Austria-Hungary during the last three decades of the nineteenth century.

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Triple Alliance

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A combination of nations commonly referred to as the Allies. This originated in a series of agreements between Britain and France and between Britain and Russia that aimed to resolve colonial disputes.

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Triple Entente

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The Triple Alliance, also known as the ____________ _____________ , grew out of the close relationship that developed between the leaders of Germany and Austria-Hungary during the last three decades of the nineteenth century.

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Central Powers

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A strategy developed in 1905 by General Count Alfred Von Schlieffen. This called for a swift knockout of France, followed by defensive action against Russia.

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Schlieffen plan

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Linked the assassins to a terrorist group called ________ __________. Centered in neighboring Serbia, this organization was dedicated to the unification of all south Slavs, or Yugoslavs, to form a greater Serbia.

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Black Hand

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The most courageous infantry charges, even when preceded by pulverizing artillery barrages and clouds of poisonous gas, were no match for determined defenders. This place was strewn with shell craters, cadavers, and body parts

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No-man's land

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A small minority among revolutionary working-class parties, eventually gained control of the Petrograd Soviet. Had slogans "All Power to the Soviets" and "Peace, Land, and Bread". ___________ rulers ended Russia's involvement in the Great War by signing the treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, which gave Germans possession or control of much of Russia's territory and one quarter of its population.

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Bolsheviks

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A German submarine sank the British passenger linear _____________ off the Irish coast with a loss of 1,198 lives, including 128 U.S. citizens. The ship carried 4,200 cases of ammunition and traveled through a declared war zone.

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Lusitania

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In April 1916 Irish nationalists mounted the ____________ ____________ _____________, which attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow British rule in Ireland.

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Great Easter Rebellion

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In an effort to avoid future destructive conflicts, the diplomats in Paris created the ______________ ____ _____________. This was the first permanent international security organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

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League of Nations

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A revolutionary Marxist who had been living in exile in Switzerland. He grew

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Vladimir llyich Lenin

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He was reelected president in 1916 because he campaigned on a nonintervention platform.

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Woodrow Wilson

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"The night of broken glass". The Nazis arranged for the destruction of thousands of Jewish stores, the burning of most synagogues, and the murder of more than one hundred Jews though out Germany and Austria.

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Kristallnacht

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He ended up becoming a well known physicist and scientist. The Theory of Relativity determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers

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Albert Einstein

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building that was designed by Walter Gropius in 1925 and introduced the functional international style of architecture that dominated for the next half century

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Bauhaus

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The Bauhaus building was designed by ___________ in 1925 and introduced the functional international style of architecture that dominated for the next half century

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Walter Gropius

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Formulated a theory that provided the keys to understanding all humans behavior

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Sigmund Freud

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The leading proponent of cubism, displayed the influence of African art forms.

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Pablo Picasso

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Revolted against rational society, the postimpressionist painter fled to Central America and Tahiti because he was inspired by "primitive" art he found there.

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Paul Gauguin

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Nineteenth century Japanese prints, for example, influenced French impressionists such as _______ __________ whose study of them led him to experiment with visual angles and asymmetrical compositions.

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Edgar Degas

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expressed in poetry and fiction the malaise thought after the Great War. Seeing had labeled this group of American intellectuals and literati who congregated in Paris in the postwar years.

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Lost Generation

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During the 1920s young artists and intellectuals spat out their revulsion in host of war novels such as Erich Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front. Works such as AQWF are overflowing with images of meaningless death and suffering.

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All Quiet on the Western Front

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Impossible to state the position and velocity of a subatomic particle at the same time. "Uncertainty Principle" was a theory formulated by Werner Heisenberg's in response to his published paper called "About the Quantum- Theoretical Reinterpretation of Kinetic and Mechanical Relationships". The uncertainty principle carried important implications beyond physics and broader philosophical ramifications. Heisenberg's theory called into question established notions of truth and violated the fundamental law of cause and effect.

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Uncertainty principle

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A theory formulated by Sigmund Freud provided the keys to understanding all humans behavior

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Psychoanalysis

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The Bauhaus building was designed by Walter Gropius in 1925 and introduced the functional international style of architecture that dominated for the next half century

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International style

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October 24, 1929. On this date, a then-record number of shares were traded on the New York Stock Exchange by panicked investors, marking the onset of the stock market crash that precipitated the Great Depression

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Black Thursday

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started in 1929. Most countries were on their way to economic recovery. Businesses repaired the damages the war had inflicted on industrial plants, equipment, and transportation facilities. The prosperity was fragile, perhaps false, and many serious problems and dislocations remained in international economy

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Great Depression

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In an age of global interdependence, goals such as achieving a high degree of economic self sufficiency remained unobtainable, and economic nationalism invariable backfired. Each new measure designed to restrict imports provoked retaliation by other nations whose interest were affected. Between 1929 and 1932 International trade dropped 66% and the worldwide population fell 38%.

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Economic nationalism

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US president between 1882-1945 after World War I. Roosevelt took aggressive steps to reinflate the economy and ease the worse of the suffering and depression. He took part in a program called the "New Deal" to sweep economic and social reforms. He created a major shift in the US government policy and start a trend toward social reform legislation that continued long after the depression years.

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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Established the "Fasci Italiani di Combattimento" (Italian Combat Verteran League)' result from the use of violence against socialists of the fascists squads known as Black Shirts. In 1926, Mussolini seized total power and outlawed freedom of press, free speech and assembly, and silenced political dissen

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Benito Mussolini

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He consolidated power as a dictator of Germany who created the natzi party and Anti-Semitism

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Adolf Hitler

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A U.S. writer captured the chilling heartlessness and rising political anger inspired by the Great Depression

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John Steinbeck

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An American writer who noted "You are all a lost generation", the delusion that characterized the US and Europe after the Great War.

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Gertrude Stein

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Wrote the war novel A Farewell to Arms during the 1920s when artists and intellectuals were expressing their revulsion in a host of war novels.

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Ernest Hemingway

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He was one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. He wrote the solution of the Great Depression in his novel: "The Great Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money."

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John Maynard Keyes

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He was known as a Russian nationalist, the "man of steel", and promoted the idea of socialism in one's country,

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Joseph Stalin

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raised duties on most manufactured products to prohibitive levels. This called other countries to raise tariffs on important of US products

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Smoot-Hawley Tariff

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A program developed by Roosevelt to sweep economic and social reforms. It's fundamental premise, that the federal government was justified in intervening to protect social and economic welfare of the people, represented a major shift in US government policy and stared a trend towards social reform legislation.

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New Deal

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Lenin implemented this to temperate lay restore the market economy and some private enterprises while Russia's large industries, banks, and transportation remained under state control.

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New Economic Policy

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Joseph Stalin replaced Lenin New Economic Policy with the Five Year Plan, which transformed the Soviet Union from a predominately agricultural country to an industrialized one.

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Five-Year Plans

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relatively wealthy peasants in Russia.

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Kulaks

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a policy of forced consolidation of individual peasant households into collective farms called "kolkhozes" as carried out by the Soviet government in the late 1920's - early 1930's.

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Collectivization

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The term for the movement of a new type of society, as a reaction to liberal democracy and the spread of socialism

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Fascism

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refers to Germany and its political system between the end of World War I in 1918 and the rise of Nazism in 1933.

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Weimar Republic

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In 1921 Hitler became chairmen on this party. The party was made of up of Hitler and his followers who, as a unit, attempted to overthrow the democratic Weimar Republic. The movement fizzled and the reorganized in 1924 after Hitler had been freed from prison.

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National Socialist German Workers' Party

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Prejudice and Discrimination against Jews.

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Anti-Semitism

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At the annual party rally held in Nuremberg in 1935, the Nazis announced new laws which institutionalized many of the racial theories prevalent in Nazi ideology. The laws excluded German Jews from Reich citizenship and prohibited them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or related blood."

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Nuremberg Laws

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A historian who wrote a 12 volume classic: "A study of history" and was inspired by the chock of war in England.

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Arnold J. Toynbee

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