HISTORY CHAPTER 19 – Flashcards
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING EXPLAINS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WAVE OF "NEW" IMMIGRATION THAT OCCURRED IN THE U.S.AFTER 1880 AND THE "OLD" IMMIGRATION OF THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY
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The "new" immigration originated from southern and eastern Europe while "old" immigration originated in northern and western Europe. Before 1880, 85 percent of immigrants were Germans, Irish, English, and Scandinavians. After 1880 economic and political developments in Europe caused the pattern to shift; by 1896, Italians, Hungarians, eastern European Jews, Turks, Armenians, Poles, Russians, and other Slavic peoples accounted for more than 80 percent of the immigration into the United States.
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WHAT CHANGE LED TO THE MASSIVE REDISTRIBUTION OF THE AMERICAN POPULATION OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES OF THE 19TH CENTURY
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AGRICULTURAL WORKERS AND IMMIGRANTS WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY MOVING TO AMERICAN CITIES. In the years after the Civil War, rural Americans were drawn to cities in increasingly large numbers, where they became part of the industrial labor force. In addition, rural people in other parts of the worldâIreland, Italy, Russia, Japan, Chinaâwere migrating to the United States and settling in urban industrial centers.
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WHAT PURPOSE DID OLD-STOCK AMERICAN ELITES AND ORGANISED LABOR JOIN TOGETHER TOWARD THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
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To press for immigration restrictions. Blue-blooded Yankees led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts worked with unions to devise ways of keeping out "undesirable" immigrantsâthose southern and eastern European immigrants they considered uneducated, backward, and likely to take jobs at low wages. In 1896, Congress approved a literacy test for immigrants that Lodge and his followers had championed, knowing that many Italian and Slavic peasants were unable to read, but President Cleveland vetoed the legislation.
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WHAT DID PHOTOJOURNALIST JACOB RII'S BEST-SELLING BOOK, "HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES, DEMONSTRATE
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Life in New York's tenements was miserable. In his 1890 book, Jacob Riis used descriptions and photographs to show his readers the poverty, crowding, dirt, and disease suffered by the working-class residents of New York's Lower East Side. While his portrayal was less complex than the reality of working-class life, it served as a call to action for his literate audience.
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WHAT KINDS F JOBS DID NEW IMMIGRANTS PERFORM AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
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They built railroads, subways, and bridges in America's cities. most recent immigrant groups were often unskilled common laborers who performed the brute work necessary to building the nation's industrial infrastructure, such as railroads, subways, and bridges. They were at the bottom of the economic ladder.
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WHICH DESCRIBES THE PATTERNS OF AMERICAN WOMEN'S WORK IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
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Women's work varied considerably, depending on race and ethnicity. There were major variations in women's working patterns based on race and ethnicity. In 1890, for example, only 3 percent of white married women worked for wages outside their homes. In contrast, 25 percent of black married women were employed outside their homes, many of them as domestics.
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MOST LATE-19TH CENTURY EXECUTIVES AND MANAGERS CAME FROM THE 8 PERCENT OF THE AMERICAN POPULATION WHO
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had completed high school. Most middle managers were white men with high school diplomas. Middle managers were typically salaried employees who earned substantially more than the average wage workers of the period.
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FOR WHAT REASON DID LARGE NUMBERS OF WOMEN JOIN THE CLERICAL WORKFORCE IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
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Educated women had few other career choices. Educated men did not take on clerical jobs because they had many other options, but there were few careers other than secretarial work in which middle-class white women could put their literacy to use. The increasing number of women who joined the clerical force found that as office workers, they could make more money, and while working fewer hours, than they could as teachers, domestic workers, or factory employees.
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WHICH EVENTS FIRST DISPLAYED THE POWER OF WORKERS' COLLECTIVE ACTION TO THE ENTIRE NATION
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The Great Railroad Strike of 1877. Incorrect. The correct answer is d. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was the country's first national strike. As labor leader Samuel Gompers acknowledged, the event served as an alarm bell "that sounded a ringing message of hope to us all." The workers learned the power of collective action and would use it again in the future. (See section "Workers Organize" in your textbook.)
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HOW DID THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR CHANGE AS A RESULT OF THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877
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The Knights dropped their mantle of secrecy and began openly recruiting any and all workers. Correct. The answer is b. In 1869, Uriah Stephens, a Philadelphia garment cutter, founded the Knights of Labor as a secret society of workers; the organization's secrecy deterred company spies and protected its members from reprisals. Following an increase in interest in labor organizing following the 1877 railroad strike, the Knights abandoned secrecy in 1878 and openly sought to organize workers regardless of skill, race, gender, or nationality. (See section "Workers Organize" in your textbook.)
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WHAT DID SAMUEL GOMPERS, WHO ESTABLISHED THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR IN 1886, BELIEVED SKILLED WORKERS SHOULD DO TO IMPROVE THEIR STATUS
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Organize into craft unions and employ strikes to achieve work-related reforms. Gompers believed in "pure and simple" unionism. He believed in organizing skilled craftsworkers, who had the most bargaining power, and using strikes to gain immediate objectives, such as pay raises and better working conditions. (See section "Workers Organize" in your textbook.
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Which of the following groups did the state of Illinois prosecute and punish for the Haymarket bombing?
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Albert Parsons, August Spies, and six other protesters. The state of Illinois arrested and tried anarchists Albert Parsons, August Spies, and some of their supporters. All eight men were found guilty; four were executed, one committed suicide, and the remaining three received prison sentences.
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How did industrialization affect Americans' daily lives in the late nineteenth century?
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Industrialization transformed home and family life. Industrialization caused more and more men to work outside the home for wages while their wives stayed in and either discharged a variety of domestic chores without pay or supervised paid servants who did the housework. The growing separation of workplace and home contributed to a new ideology that sentimentalized the home and women's role in it.
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Over the course of the nineteenth century, more and more domestics in the northern states were
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immigrants. In the early nineteenth century, most servants in the northern states were native born "hired girls" who worked alongside their employers. In the mid-nineteenth century, native-born increasingly moved into different occupations and left domestic service to immigrants. By 1870, 15 to 30 percent of all urban households had live-in servants, who were young female immigrants, particularly Irish women.
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Why did late-nineteenth-century reformers object to urban dance halls?
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They helped to facilitate drunkenness and casual sex. Reformers worried that the dance halls served as a breeding ground for drunkenness and might lure young women into prostitution.
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Which urban entertainment was particularly successful at uniting men across class lines in the 1870s?
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BASEBALL. Baseball became a national pastime in the 1870s. After the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the first paid baseball team in 1869, professional teams began to spring up in cities across the country, and soon baseball was a force capable of uniting cities across class lines.
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Which of the following factors shaped the development of most late-nineteenth-century American cities?
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PRIVATE ENTERPRISE AND LOCAL POLITICS. Cities rarely grew according to a comprehensive city plan. Instead, they simply mushroomed, taking shape in response to the dictates of private enterprise and the exigencies of local politics. The growth of cities created the need for public facilities, transportation, and services.
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The city redevelopment that occurred after the Great Fire of 1871 allowed Chicago to take the lead in
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DEVELOPING THE MODERN SKYSCRAPER. The devastation of the 1871 fire, which destroyed three square miles of the city, allowed young architects a chance to experiment with new technologies. Visionaries such as Louis Sullivan designed some of the world's finest commercial buildingsâstartlingly modern structures that conveyed the domination of corporate power.
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Which children were served by cities' free public schools systems of the late nineteenth century?
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CHILDREN FROM ALL CLASSES. Although the skyrocketing urban populations strained public school systems, schools educated everyone from the children of urban professionals to the children of immigrant workers and the very poor. Some cities, including Boston, New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, even provided free secondary schools.
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Good government reformers of the late nineteenth century found success in city elections when they
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SPONSORED PUBLIC SERVICES AND HELPED THE WORKING CLASS. Reform politicians could succeed, but only when they took over the traditional functions of party bosses. For example, Hazen S. Pingree, a four-time mayor of Detroit and two-time governor of Michigan, achieved political longevity in large part because he championed Detroit's poor, hiring the unemployed to build schools, parks, and public baths during the depression of 1893.
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FROM WHERE DID THE MAJORITY OF NEW IMMIGRANTS TO THE THE U.S. ARRIVE AFTER 1880
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SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE. Prior to 1880, around 85 percent of immigrants to America were German, Irish, English, or Scandinavian. By 1896, more than 80 percent of all immigrants were from southern and eastern Europe, including Italians, Hungarians, eastern European Jews, Armenians, and Slavic peoples.
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WHAT PSEUDOSCIENTIFIC IDEOLOGY HELD THAT WHITES STOOD AT THE TOP OF THE EVOLUTIONARY LADDER
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SOCIAL DARWINISM. American culture was informed by social Darwinism, which postulated a racial hierarchy in which whites occupied the top rung of the evolutionary ladder. Nevertheless, the question of what constituted "whiteness" elicited varied responses in the late nineteenth century.
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ASIAN IMMIGRANTS, HIRED FOR LOW WAGES THAT WERE LESS ACCEPTABLE TO WHITE WORKERS, FACED ENORMOUS PREJUDICE IN WHAT AREA OF THE U.S.
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IN THE WEST COAST. Chinese who had come to America during the California gold rush found work on the transcontinental railroads and took jobs other groups shunned, such as domestic service, after the railroad work ended. Asian immigrants became scapegoats when the country entered a major economic depression in the 1870s. With the passage of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, U.S. law excluded an immigrant group on the basis of race for the first time in the country's history.
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BY THE LATE 19TH CENTURY, MANY MIDDLE-CLASS AMERICANS FELT THAT THE U.S. WAS TURNING INTO A
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SOCIETY RULED BY THE RICH. Gilded Age millionaires were exceptionally rich and ostentatious (they spent millions of dollars on houses, parties, and clothes) and appeared to be largely unconcerned about the general welfare of the people as a whole. Given that the wealthiest 1 percent of the population owned more than half the real and personal property in the nation, many Americans were concerned that the country was turning into a plutocracy, or a society ruled by the rich.
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THE POSSESSION OF AN INDUSTRIAL SKILL IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY U.S.
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DID NOT GUARANTEE PROSPERITY. Skilled laborers earned much higher daily wages than unskilled workers, however, this was meaningful only when work could be found. The fact that industry and manufacturing tended to be seasonal caused even skilled workers to suffer from bouts of unemployment, and the depressions of 1873 and 1893 affected skilled and unskilled laborers alike.
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WHO WERE THE MAJORITY OF FACTORY OPERATIVES IN THE TEXTILE MILLS OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
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YOUNG, UNMARRIED WOMEN. The majority of factory operatives in the textile mills were young, unmarried women. They worked from six in the morning to six at night six days a week and took home about $1 a day.
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HOW LONG DID THE AVERAGE WORKINGWOMAN IN THE 1880S AND 1890S, WHO STARTED WORKING AROUND AGE 15, EXPECT TO REMAIN AT HER JOB
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UNTIL SHE MARRIED. Young women in the 1890s were discriminated against in the workplace. They earned less than men and largely were ignored by labor unions. The average woman wage earner began working in her mid-teens and quit her job upon getting married eight to ten years later.
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HOW DID DEPARTMENT STORE SALESWOMEN IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY BELIEVE THEY COMPARED TO FACTORY WORKERS OF THE PERIOD
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THEY SAW THEMSELVES AS SUPERIOR TO FACTORY WORKERS DESPITE LOWER PAY. Female salesclerks in department stores of the late nineteenth century considered themselves a cut above factory workers; saleswomen appreciated that their work was neither dirty nor dangerous and thus felt a sense of superiority, even when they made less money than factory workers.
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FOR MANY 19TH CENTURY AMERICAN WORKERS, THE REDEFINITION OF LABOR AS "MACHINE TENDING," CULTIVATED A SENSE OF INDIVIDUAL HELPLESSNESS THAT CAUSED WORKERS TO
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EXERCISE THE POWER OF COLLECTIVE ACTION. Industrialists often cut prices and costs by investing in new machines that allowed them to replace skilled workers with unskilled labor. Workers were disheartened by the fact that labor increasingly was reduced to machine tending; this would help spur labor activism, as workers realized that they were helpless as individuals but could be powerful acting collectively.
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THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR, A PROMINENT LABOR ORGANISATION OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY THAT ADVOCATED "UNIVERSAL BROTHER" OF ALL WORKERS, PURSUED
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BROAD SOCIAL REFORMS. The Knights of Labor pursued broad social reforms including the establishment of an income tax, public ownership of the railroads, equal pay for women workers, and the abolition of child labor. They believed that the interests of employers and employees were compatible and sought to remove class distinctions.
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THE HAYMARKET BOMBING IN 1886 QUICKLY LED THE GENERAL PUBLIC TO FEAR AND RESENT
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THE LABOR MOVEMENT, ANARCHISTS, AND IMMIGRANTS. The "Haymarket riot" broke out after Chicago police demanded that some three hundred people at a workers' protest rally disperse, and someone responded by throwing a bomb into the police ranks. The public blamed radicals for the numerous casualties that resulted from the ensuing melee, and a nationwide paroxysm of fear soon turned into a hatred of anarchists, labor unions, strikers, and the working class in general.
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WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THE 1886 HAYMARKET SQUARE RIOT ON LABOR ORGANISATIONS
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THE RIOT INCREASED THE POPULARITY OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. The Haymarket bombing caused the labor movement to come under attack. This led many skilled workers to turn away from radical groups in favor of the American Federation of Labor, which excluded unskilled workers and advocated a narrow concentration on concrete gains such as higher wages and better working conditions.
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DEFINES THE 19TH CENTURY CULT OF DOMESTICITY
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IT WAS A CULTURAL IDEOLOGY THAT DICTATED WOMAN'S PLACE IN THE HOME. Nineteenth-century industrialization caused a growing separation between workplace and home that redefined the home as a "haven in the heartless world," presided over by a wife and mother. This development, in turn, shaped a new cultural ideologyâthe cult of domesticityâwhich prescribed that women should focus primarily on their homes and families and leave public concerns to their husbands, sons, and fathers.
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WHAT WAS ONE UNINTENDED AND IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCE OF THE GROWTH OR DOMESTIC SERVICE IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
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THE EXPANSION OF WHITE MIDDLE-CLASS WOMEN'S HORISONS OUTSIDE THE HOME. White middle-class women who could afford servants were freed from household drudgery and thus had more time to spend with their children or to pursue outside interests such as club work or reform. In that way, they were able to expand their sphere of influence outside the home and subvert the idea that woman's role was strictly domestic.
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IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY, WORKING-CLASS YOUTH MET AND COURTED ONE ANOTHER
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IN COMMERCIALISED PUBLIC PLACES. Adolescents living in urban industrial settings in the late nineteenth century fled their crowded tenements and sought one another's company in new dance halls, music houses, and amusements parks. As courtship moved outside the family and into public spaces that promoted activities such as drinking and dancing, older distinctions between respectability and promiscuity also began to change.
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BY THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY, NEW YORK'S CONEY ISLAND WAS
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THE UNOFFICIAL CAPITAL OF THE NEW MASS CULTURE. Promoters began to turn Coney Island into the site of enormous, elaborate amusement parks in the 1890s. By 1900, as many as a million New Yorkers flocked to Coney Island each weekend.
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WHAT DID FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED PROMOTE TO ENCOURAGE THE BEAUTIFICATION OF AMERICAN CITIES IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN PUBLIC PARKS. Frederick Law Olmsted was a landscape architect who designed parks in cities all over the United States, including New York's Central Park and the Emerald Necklace in Boston, as well as the grounds for the U.S. Capitol. Olmsted believed that urban parks should act as an oasis for city dwellersâa buffer between them and "the bustle and jar of the streets."
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING GROUPS BENEFITED DISPROPORTIONATELY FROM LATE 19TH CENTURY URBAN IMPROVEMENTS AND BEAUTIFICATION EFFORTS
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THE MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASS. Many urban improvements technically were open to everybody. However, they were not always accessible. For instance, Boston's public library was closed on Sundays, the one day of the week that laborers had off from work, and New York's Central Park was four miles away from the city's tenements.
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FOR WHAT REASON WERE POLITICAL BOSSES OFTEN ABLE TO DEFEAT "GOOD GOVERNMENT" REFORMERS IN THE AMERICAN CITIES OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
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THE PARTY MACHINES AIDED CITIES' IMMIGRANT AND POOR POPULATIONS. In exchange for votes, machines provided immigrants and the poor with everything from legal aid to housing, thus combining philanthropy and politics. Because of these social services, the urban poor remained staunch allies of the machines and threw their considerable voting influence behind party bosses.
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WHAT DID THE WHITE CITY, CONSTRUCTED FOR THE 1893 WORLD'S EXPOSITION IN CHICAGO, REPRESENT
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AMERICA'S EMERGENT INDUSTRIAL MIGHT WITH ITS INVENTIONS, MANUFACTURED GOODS AND CONSUMER CULTURE. Although the White City constructed for the 1893 world's fair stood in stark contrast to the poverty and social conflict endemic to late-nineteenth-century American cities, its gleaming paradise of lagoons, fountains, wooded islands, and white-painted buildings drew millions of fairgoers to its grounds and celebrated the technological advances and emerging power of an increasingly urban and industrial America.
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CULT OF DOMESTICS
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19TH CENTURY BELIEF THAT WOMEN'S PLACE WAS IN THE HOME, WHERE THEY SHOULD CREATE A HAVEN FOR HARRIED MEN WORKING IN THE OUTSIDE WORLD. THIS IDEAL WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE SEPARATION OF THE WORKPLACE AND THE HOME AND WAS USED TO SENTIMENTALISE THE HOME AND WOMEN'S ROLE IN IT.
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POGROMS
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AN ORGANISED AND OFTEN OFFICIALLY ENCOURAGED MASSACRE OF AN ETHNIC MINORITY; USUALLY USED IN REFERENCE TO ATTACKS ON JEWS.
