HISTORY (ch. 24-26) – Flashcards
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industrial revolution
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-increased output of machine-made goods -production of goods moved out of the home and into factories -changed economic, social, and political history of the world -define success of western world
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agricultural revolution
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-before industrial revolution -enclosed methods -new methods of tools -crop rotation -large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or give up and go to the city
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causes of industrial revolution
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-science -advances in agriculture, machines, and techniques -more food, less need for workers -demand for customer goods -textile industry- first to start using machines •factories emerged to house and machines
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why did industrial revolution occur in Great Britain?
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-iron & coal -government & encouragement -lead trading nation -intellectual & social climate -transportation
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laissez faire
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advised governments to leave business alone, other theorists believed that governments should intervene
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Union
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voluntary labor associations
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strike
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refusing work
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poor city dwellers
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city grew rapidly with no sanitary codes, lived in dark and dirty shelters
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factory workers
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-average lifespan was 17 years -bad conditions -14 hours a day, 6 days a week -starvation wages
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children
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-worked as young as six years old -child labor laws later brought reforms
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political stability
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-Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization
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entrepreneurs
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a person who organizes, manages and takes on the risks of business
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building of factories
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-needed water power so were first near rivers and streams at first -set up by wealthy textile merchants -allowed industry to move out of home and into central location
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railroad boom
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-invented locomotives to move resources -provided an inexpensive way to transport raw materials and manufactured products; created new jobs
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How was Latin America colonial society divided?
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-peninsulares- born in Spain -Creoles-spaniards born in Latin America, couldn't hold gov.'t positions -nietizos- Native Americans and Europeans -mulattos -Africans -Indians
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Why did the slaves in the French colony of saint domingue revolt?
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-masters terrorized them -outnumbered masters
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José de San martín and simon bolivar's tactics
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-decisive surprise -needed larger territory
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Grito de Dolores
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-Miguel hidalgo rang the bell in the village and called for a rebellion against the Spanish -called for peasants to rebel
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Brazil's independence
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-no violence
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First country to gain independence
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Haiti
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Countries that weren't Spanish colonies
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-Jamaica -Brazil -Haiti -British Honduras -British Guyana -Dutch Guyana -French Guyana
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Once a colonial country is removed from power, what do they leave behind?
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-unfair rulers or laws -language, religion, culture, institutions
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What did bolivar hope to accomplish?
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-declare independence -scare and drive out Spain -protect Americans
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Why were the Venezuelans justified in rebelling against Spain?
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Felt they were justified to pickup arms and rebel again
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How did nationalism affect Europe?
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-Warfare ~Prussia and Austria had alliance against Denmark ~Germany ~Prussian army is most powerful in Central Europe -Unified Countries ~mainly German population in Prussia which led to unification ~forced liberal constitution -Forced Majority Culture Upon Everyone ~forced upon minorities ~wanted it get rid of ethnic groups because there were too many so they had to unify them ~they wanted to keep their culture
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Four major language families in Europe
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1. Celtic 2. Germanic 3. Romance 4. Slavic
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In which part of Europe is each of the language families found?
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Central Europe
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To what major family does English belong?
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Germanic
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What part of Europe has the greater number if languages in one family?
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Eastern Europe
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To what family do the languages of Eastern Europe belong?
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Slavic
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five of the Eastern Europe languages that belong to Slavic
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1. Serbian 2. Polish 3. Russian 4. Slavic 5. Ukrainian
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What is unusual about Romania being in the Romance language family?
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It is not close to where the rest of the language group is
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How might language help to divide people and prevent them from forming their own country?
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Surrounded by countries who speak the same language (ex: russia)
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Where have people maybe been united by language
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Western europe
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Nationalisms impact on Austria
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-unification of nations made them strong but weakened the empire -too many ethic groups that disrupted the government -Hungary was most powerful so they called themselves Austria Hungary
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Nationalisms affect on Russia
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-helped break up the 370 year old empire of the czars -wanted to maintain control of diversity -too many ethnic groups -wanted them to have Russification
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Nationalisms affect on Ottoman Empire
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-Turks wanted no change in the situation if the equal citizenship -massacred and deported Armenians twice them the empire fell apart -created mess of middle esst larer on
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Events leading to Italys unification
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-made liberal constitution- unified Italian middle class -Camillo di Cavour was uniting northern Italy, guides empire out of Italy - Cavour wanted to unify it with the rest of the italian peninsula
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Year of Italy's unification
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1858-1870
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events leading to Germany's unification
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-Prussia had mainly German population which unified Prussia -1848- Berlin voters forced constitutional convention to write liberal constitution -holy Roman Empire -Prussia led way (powerful, German speaking army) -Otto van Bismarck appointed as prime minister -issues decided by "blood and iron" - needed to expand influence and power (with war) -war with Denmark, Austria, France (Franco Prussian war)
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what year was Germany's unification
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1871
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what impact can unification have on the people of a country or outside
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-pool together resources, creates bond among people -balance of power is gone, could cause war and political problems
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negative aspects with passionate nationalism
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-can hurt other nations because of passion for their country
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crop rotation
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-development of scientific farmers -improved methods
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long term consequences of industrial revolution of environment
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-cities were dirtier because of pollution -natural resources were depleted
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Long term consequences of industrial revolution on education
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-expanded in response to a need for skilled and professional workers
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wealthy merchants and factory owners
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-grew wealthier than land owners and aristocrats -two classes were divided in business world
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lower middle class of skilled workers
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-comfortable standard of living -wealthy wielded social and political power
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large landowners and aristocrats
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-looked down on those who made their fortunes in the "vulgar" business of the world
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Adam smith
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defended idea of free economy or markets
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Thomas Malthus
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argued that population tended to increase more rapidly than food supply
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David Ricardo
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believed that a permanent underclass would always be poor
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john Stuart mill
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-questioned unregulated capitalism -believed it was wrong if workers lead deprived lives
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Robert Owen
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-improved working conditions for employees -utopian society
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Karl Marx and freidrich engels
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-predicted destruction of capitalist system -Marxism: radical type of socialism
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William wilberforce
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-led fight to abolish slavery in British empire
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Jane Addams
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-ran settlement houses which served poor resident -women's rights
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Horace Mann
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favored free public education for all children
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collective bargaining
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to speak as one voice in negations with employers for better working conditions and higher wages
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Thomas Edison
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invented lightbulb
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Alexander bell
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-invented telephone -helped harness electricity to transmit sounds over distances
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guilielmo Marconi
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-created radio with theoretical discoveries of electromagnetic waves
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wright brothers
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-started aircraft industry -flew gasoline powered plaine
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Henry ford
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-cars -assembly line
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Charles Darwin
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-evolution -ideas based on science
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Gregor Mandel
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rules about heredity and genetics
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joseph lister
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found germs create infections
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Louis Pasteur
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-pasteurization -reduced infection
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dmitri Mendeleev
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periodic table
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john Dalton and Albert Einstein
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structure and energy of atoms
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Pierre and Marie curie
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found 2 missing elements: radium and polonium
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Ivan Pavlov and sigmund Freud
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human actions
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bonds that created a nation
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-culture -history -religion -nationality -language -territory
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positive results of nationalism
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-people get over differences for a common good -overgrown a colonial rule -may encourage democratic gov.'ts -competition between countries create advances
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negative results of nationalism
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-forced assimilation of minority cultures -ethnic cleansing -rise of extreme nationalistic movements -encourages blind devotion -competition leads to ware fare
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factory work and industrial life
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-early mornings: had to be at work at 6 -12-16 hour days, 6 days a week -no protection for workers -no compensation for injuries -people were dirty, no baths -17 years was lifespan -lived in disease infested shelters -crowded
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urbanization
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-people moved from the countryside to cities -cities developed quickly -problems: sanitation, crowding, crime, pollution -problems were not immediately addressed
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Marxism
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-capitalist was to blame for problems of industrialization -communist manifesto (1848, Marx and Engels) -Marx said, capitalism is bad and greed will divide us all -communism- the abolishment of private property -public ownership, public owns all land and means of production - scientific socialism -history is shaped by economics -owners vs workers -haves (owners) and have nots (workers) -he believed the proletariat would unite and revolt, this would be global revolution
