History CH 19 ; 20 Test – Flashcards
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Seekers of new business opportunities
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entrepreneurs
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The Industrial Revolution created new jobs in ____________
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coal mining, railroad construction, and factory production
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The spread of the factory system resulted in increased exports of ____________
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British cotton goods
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The steam engine, used to drive machinery, was improved by _______________
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James Watt
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The textile industry met its last major challenge to full mechanization with the development of ______________
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improvements to the steam engine
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__________, an economic system based on industrial production, rose during the Industrial Revolution and produced an industrial middle class
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Industrial capitalism
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Henry Cort developed a process for making a better quality of iron. This process was known as ________
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puddling
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Public ownership of the means of production under socialism was meant to result in an equitable distribution of __________
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wealth
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The _______ was the most important innovation of the Industrial Revolution because it transformed both farm production and the transportation system
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steam engine
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The world's first industrial nation was ______
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Great Britain
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Right of powerful countries to maintain order throughout Europe
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principle of intervention
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Voting rights for all adult men
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universal male suffrage
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Collection of different peoples under the same government, as in the Austrian Empire
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multinational state
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Belief that people should be as free as possible from government restraint
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liberalism
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Belief in tradition and social stability
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conservatism
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After Napoleon, France was governed until 1830 by ___________
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a king
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In 1848 revolutions took place in _________, ___________, and __________
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France, The German States, and Italy
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Metternich claimed, after Napoleon's defeat, that ____________
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lawful monarchs should be restored
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The peace settlement that followed the defeat of Napoleon was developed at the ___________
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Congress of Vienna
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Who was the first president of the Second Republic in France?
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Louis-Napoleon
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In March 1848, demonstrations in the major cities of the Austrian Empire led to the dismissal of Klemens von ___________
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Metternich
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Liberals believed that freedoms should be guaranteed by a written document like the American Bill of __________
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Rights
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The Congress of Vienna recognized the existence of 38 independent states called the German ___________
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Confederation
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The meeting of the great powers to maintain peace after Napoleon's defeat came to be called the ____________ of Europe
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Concert
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The provisional government, after the French monarchy was overthrown in 1848, called for a Constituent ____________
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Assembly
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Withdraw from or choose not to be part of
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secede
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Emperor
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kaiser
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Law that freed Russian serfs
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emancipation edict
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Reliance on military strength
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militarism
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Bismarck's theory of practical, as opposed to idealistic, governance
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realpolitik
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Bismarck faced opposition from ______________
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the legislature
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Britain avoided any form of revolution in 1848 by ____________
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giving the industrial middle class the vote
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Louis-Napoleon assumed the title of Napoleon III, Emperor of France, and at first he ___________
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limited civil liberties
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What did The Compromise of 1867 do?
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allow Germans within the empire to vote
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What was a major threat to American national unity during the nineteenth century?
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slavery
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After the Franco-Prussian War, France gave the provinces of ____________ and Lorraine to the new German state
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Alsace
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The economy of the Southern states in the U.S. before the 1860s was dependent on ___________ labor
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slave
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The longest reign in English history was that of Queen _____________ from 1837 to 1901
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Victoria
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The Russian peasants, "freed" by Alexander II's emancipation edict, soon discovered that they did not have enough good ____________
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land
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The U.S. Constitution committed the United States to the principles of _____________ and liberalism
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nationalism
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Literary movement that stressed ordinary characters and precise description
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realism
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Indifference to religion in the affairs of the world
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secularization
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Theory that life forms develop from simpler forms
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organic evolution
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Theory that some organisms are more adaptable
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natural selection
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Emphasis on using feelings and emotions over reason
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romanticism
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Louis Pasteur proposed the _________
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germ theory of disease
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Romantic painters aimed to mirror ___________
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the artist's imagination
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The realist novels of Flaubert and Dickens criticized aspects of ____________
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nineteenth-century life
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Through music, literature, and painting, the romantic artists attempted to ____________
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stir the emotions
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What do the writers Walter Scott, Mary Shelley, Edgar Allen Poe, and William Wordsworth have in common?
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they were all romantic writers
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T/F Beethoven was clearly a devotee of the classical, as opposed to the romantic, framework of music
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False
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T/F Darwin argued that human beings had their origins in simpler animal forms of life
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True
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T/F Many romantics felt that industrialization would bring people closer to nature
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False
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T/F Romanticism was a reaction against the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason
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True
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T/F The neo-Gothic style was a romantic revival of medieval architecture
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True
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T/F Alexander Graham Bell sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic
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False
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One form of Marxist socialism was eventually called ____________
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communism
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The Second International was an _____________
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association of socialist groups
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T/F Electric lights helped increase factory production by allowing night shifts
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True
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Organized work stoppages called by unions
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strikes
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Engine type fired by oil and gasoline
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internal-combustion
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Absolute governmental power by an individual or a group
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dictatorship
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Marxists who rejected violent revolution
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revisionists
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The working class
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proletariat
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According to Marx, the means of production were owned by the _____________
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ruling class oppressors
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The Second Industrial Revolution was made possible by __________, _________, __________, and ___________
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steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum
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T/F Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first flight in a fixed-wing airplane
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True
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T/F By 1914, unions had improved the lives and working conditions of the working classes
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True
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T/F Marx championed the cause of the bourgeoisie, or middle, class
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False
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The little-industrialized nations of southern and eastern Europe provided __________ and ___________ for the industrial countries
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food and raw materials
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Workers without training or experience
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unskilled labor
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The right to vote
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suffrage
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Movement for women's rights
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feminism
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The ability to read
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literacy
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Central institution of middle-class life
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the family
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Compulsory elementary education eventually created a new demand for __________, ___________, and _____________
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newspapers, teachers, and female colleges
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Public education helped make people
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more patriotic
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The European middle classes tended to believe in the ideals of _____________ and ________________
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hard work and moral etiquette
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The new wealthy elite in Europe consisted of aristocrats, _____________, ______________, and ______________
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industrialists, bankers, and merchants
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Urban populations grew for
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a. improved living conditions helped people survive living close together b. medical workers and building inspectors watched for hazards c. more jobs brought people to the cities
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Between 1890 and 1914, higher-paying jobs in industry made it possible for working-class families to depend on the income of ____________ alone
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husbands
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Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton transformed ___________ into a profession of trained, middle-class women
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nursing
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The ______________ opened the door to new jobs for women
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Second Industrial Revolution
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The _____________ created customs surrounding the family Christmas, including the Yule log, tree, songs, and gift exchange
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Victorians
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Throughout the 1800s, the _____________ declined, proving to be the most significant development in the modern family
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birthrate
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Site of the "Bloody Sunday" Russian massacre
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St. Petersburg
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French lower house
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Chamber of Deputies
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Russian legislative assembly
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Duma
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1907 alliance among Great Britain, France, and Russia
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Triple Entente
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German lower house
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Reichstag
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Great Britain had a two-party system by the late nineteenth century. What were the parties?
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Liberals and Conservatives
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Russia opposed Austria-Hungary over the 1908 annexation of ___________
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Bosnia
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The members of the Triple Alliance were _____________, ______________, and ____________
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
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The principle of ministerial responsibility states that the prime minister is responsible to the ____________
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legislative, not executive, body
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The strongest power in Europe by 1888 was __________
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Germany
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T/F By the end of 1918, all British adult males and women over age 21 could vote
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False
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T/F Conservative forces during the reign of German emperor William II supported democratic reforms
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False
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T/F In 1875, a new constitution created France's Second Republic
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False
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T/F Russia's Nicholas II was a devout reformer and democratic champion of his people
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False
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T/F The working class in Great Britain tended to support the Liberal Party
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True
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Art movement that rejected traditional styles
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modernism
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Hostility and discrimination directed at Jews
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anti-Semitism
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Idea that social progress comes from survival of the strong and fit
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Social Darwinism
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Scientific method pioneered by Freud
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psychoanalysis
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Organized massacres
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pogroms
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According to Freud, human experience was strongly determined by __________
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past experiences
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Einstein's theories led to what conclusions?:
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a. time and space depend on matter b. matter is a form of energy c. the atom contains vast energies
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Einstein's theory of relativity stated that ___________
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space and time are relative to the observer
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Scientific discoveries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries increased ________________
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uncertainty about the universe
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What do Monet, Renoir, Morisot, and van Gogh have in common?
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They were all impressionist or postimpressionist painters
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_________ concluded that matter is just another form of energy
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Einstein
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Anti-Semitic feelings surfaced during the trial of French Captain Alfred ___________
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Dreyfus
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Freud used ______________ to probe the past experiences and memories of a patient
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psychoanalysis
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Marie Curie discovered that an element called ___________ gave off atomic energy
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radium
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The ideas of Social Darwinism led Houston Stewart Chamberlain to believe that Germans were the only pure descendants of the ____________
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Aryans
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______ is a system in which a society owns and controls some means of production, utilities, factories, and so forth
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socialism
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The first public railway line ran for 32 miles from liverpool to _________
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Manchester
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The Industrial Revolution began in _______ in the 1780s
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Great Britain
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The Industrial Revolution brought with it _________, an economic system based on industrial production that created a new middle class
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industrial capitalism
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The United States was a large country in the 1800s, and the development of _______ was most important for a good transportation system
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railroads
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Henry Cort developed a process called puddling that was used to _________
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produce high-quality iron
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When __________ made improvements to the steam engine, engines no longer needed to be located near rivers
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James Watt
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In the 18th century, the weaving of cotton was done by individuals in their rural homes in a production method known as ___________
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cottage industry
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When revolutionary forces in the Austrian Empire demanded a liberal constitution in 1848, _________
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within a year Austria had crushed all revolutions
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______ is a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability
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conservatism
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Nationalism became a popular force after the French Revolution, and from then on nationalists believed that ___________
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each nationality should have its own government
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An all-German parliament, called the __________, was held to prepare a constitution for a new united Germany
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Frankfurt Assembly
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What stated that lawful monarchs who had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to the throne?
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the principle of legitimacy
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In _________, liberals overthrew the Bourbon monarch Charles X to establish a constitutional monarchy
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France
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in 1848, a revolt broke out against the ________ in Lombardy and Venetia
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Austrians
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After the failed revolution in Italy in 1848, people looked to the northern Italian state of ______ for leadership in achieving the unification of Italy
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Piedmont
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What created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary?
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the Compromise of 1867
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As opinions over slavery and abolition grew more divided, on December 20, 1860, _________ became the first state to secede from the United States
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South Carolina
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In an attempt to unify Italy, _________ raised an army of one thousand volunteers known as the Red Shirts
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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__________ issued an emancipation edict, freeing Russian Serfs
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Czar Alexander II
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The Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe by ending the ___________
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alliance between Austria and Russia
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_________ was the Prussian prime minister known for practicing the "politics of reality"
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Otto von Bismarck
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After loosing the Franco-Prussian War, France had to pay 5 billion francs and give up the provinces of _________ and Lorraine to the new German state
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Alsace
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Great Britain avoided revolutionary upheavals by maintaining economic growth and _________
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allowing members of the industrial middle class to vote
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On January 18, 1871, ________ was proclaimed kaiser of the Second German Empire
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William I
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Why did Europeans become increasingly secular?
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a growing faith in the benefits of science
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Indifference or rejection of religion or religious consideration is called ___________
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secularization
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The most famous artist of the realist school was _________
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Gustave Courbet
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What was one of the values of the romantics?
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individuality
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Darwin's idea that each kind of plant and animal has evolved over a long period of time from earlier simpler forms of life is called ________
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organic evolution
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A British novelist who wrote realistic novels was _________
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Charles Dickens
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This French scientist proposed the germ theory of disease
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Louis Pasteur
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What artist bridged the gap between classical and romantic music?
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Ludwig van Beethoven
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Which area of Europe remained agricultural after the Second Industrial Revolution?
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Spain
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The ______ gave rise to ocean liners, airplanes, and the automobile
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development of the internal-combustion engine
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_______ created the light bulb in Great Britain
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Joseph Swan
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A _______ is a government in which a person or group has absolute power
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dictatorship
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According to the Marxists, the ___________ were the oppressed
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proletariat
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in 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane in _________
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North Carolina
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Second industrial Revolution gave rise to ______, _________, and ________
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steel, electricity, and petroleum
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The revolutionists and _______ rejected revolutionary socialism and worked for evolutionary socialism
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trade unions
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______ was a nursing pioneer who founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick in Hamburg
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Amalie Sieveking
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The Women's Social and Political union used __________ to call attention to its demands
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unusual publicity stunts
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Modern feminism is rooted in the _________, when some women advocated equality for women based on the doctrine of natural rights
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Enlightenment
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Following the advice of _______, city governments created boards of health to improve the quality of housing
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reformers
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The most significant development in the modern family was ________
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the decline in the birthrate
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The new wealthy elite of the 19th century included ________, ________, and __________
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industrialists, bankers, and merchants
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The ability to ______ was essential to the public health of the modern European City
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bring in clean water and expel sewage
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The population of this city grew from 960,000 to 6,500,000 between 1800 and 1900
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London
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Ministerial responsibility holds that the prime minister is responsible to the _________
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elected legislative body
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By 1877, American settlers had gained control of the _______ industry of the Hawaiian Islands
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sugar
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When the "Bloody Sunday" in 1905 caused workers to strike throughout Russia, Czar _________ was forced to grant civil liberties and create a legislative assembly
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Nicholas II
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After the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire had gained their freedom, Serbia became outraged at Austria when ________
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Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
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By 1871, Great Britain had a working two-party parliamentary system consisting of the ___________ Party and the ____________ Party, which alternated in power over the next 50 years
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Liberal Party, and the Conservative Party
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An Alliance comprised of ________, _________, and _________, known as the Triple Entente, was established in 1907 to oppose the Triple Alliance
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Great Britain, Russia, and France
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The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
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abolished slavery
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The new French government consisted of a president and a legislature made up of two houses; the upper house was the _____a_____ and the lower house was the _____b______
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a. senate b. Chamber of Deputies
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Hostility toward and discrimination against jews is called __________
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anti-Semitism
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Which group of writers believed that art should function for its own sake?
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symbolists
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__________ was an Austrian doctor who pioneered psychoanalysis, a method by which a therapist and patient can probe deeply into the patient's memory
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Sigmund Freud
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Who pioneered the building of American homes with long geometric lines and overhanging roofs?
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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What seems to have influenced cubist artwork?
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the theory of relativity
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Applying Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to the human society in a radical way is called _________
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social Darwinism
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__________ created a style called cubism, which used geometric designs to recreate reality in the viewer's mind
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Pablo Picasso
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Who was the French scientist who discovered that the element radium gave off energy?
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Marie Curie
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