question

By the second decade of the 20th century, psychologists agreed on the

answer

None of the choices are correct.

question

Watson's approach to structuralism and functionalism was

answer

a revolt.

question

Which of the following terms should be banned from psychology according to behaviorism?

answer

All of the choices are correct.

question

For Watson, such subject matter as mind, consciousness, and images was

answer

meaningless for a science of psychology.

question

Who argued that consciousness, as a concept, was an unprovable as the concept of the soul?

answer

Watson

question

For Watson, introspection was

answer

irrelevant.

question

For Comte, valid knowledge is that which is

answer

objectively observable and social in nature.

question

The most important antecedent of Watson's behaviorism was

answer

animal psychology.

question

Who had a theory of tropisms?

answer

Loeb.

question

For Loeb, a tropism is a(n)

answer

involuntary forced movement.

question

For Loeb, if an animal's response is forced by a stimulus, the

answer

behavior requires no inferences about consciousness.

question

The white rat and the rat maze became staples of research in psychology in 1900 with the work of

answer

Willard S. Small.

question

Watson's dissertation was on

answer

the conscious experience of rats.

question

An early African American researcher in comparative psychology was

answer

Turner.

question

The Animal Mind, the first textbook on comparative psychology, was written by

answer

Margaret Washburn.

question

Who wrote a paper on ant behavior that was highly praised by Watson?

answer

Turner.

question

The "last stand" of mentalistic interpretations of animal behavior was the text ______ written by ______

answer

The Animal Mind; Washburn.

question

After The Animal Mind, textbooks on comparative psychology focused on

answer

learning.

question

Which of the following statements best describes the change that took place in animal psychology following the work of Romanes and Morgan?

answer

The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.

question

According to Schultz and Schultz, "Whether dealing with mind or with behavior, it was not easy to be ______."

answer

An animal psychologist.

question

The particular contribution of Pavlov's work to Watson's behaviorism was Pavlov's ______.

answer

objective methodology.

question

Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal's ability

answer

head movements.

question

The case of Clever Hans served to

answer

illustrate the importance of objective, experimental study animal behavior with proper control conditions.

question

Thorndike's (1898) law of effect is similar to

answer

Pavlov's law of reinforcement.

question

The first doctoral dissertation in psychology to use animal subjects was that of

answer

Thorndike.

question

In Thorndike's early research, he worked with all of the following except

answer

children.

question

Thorndike earned his Ph.D. in 1898 and after 1899 studied

answer

All of the choices are correct.

question

An approach to learning termed ____ was developed by Thorndike.

answer

connectionism

question

For Thorndike, learning is _____.

answer

making connections.

question

The influence of Romanes and Morgan on Thorndike was shown in Thorndike's _____.

answer

use of mentalistic processes.

question

Thorndike's approach was similar to that of structuralism in his focus on

answer

mechanism.

question

Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior?

answer

Thorndike

question

The puzzle box is traditionally associated with the work of

answer

Thorndike

question

Thorndike used ______ measures of learning to record his data.

answer

quantitative

question

Thorndike's "trial and accidental success" learning is more commonly known as ______ learning.

answer

trial-and-error

question

Habit strength is a function of repetition. This is an instance of

answer

Thorndike's law of exercise.

question

Thorndike's ideas about the stamping in or stamping out of a response tendency led to his statement of

answer

the law of effect.

question

Who first demonstrated that reward had a stronger effect than punishment?

answer

Thorndike

question

Thorndike's revision of his law of effect stated that

answer

punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection.

question

The "original" law of effect states that

answer

any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again; any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again.

question

Thorndike's particular contribution to behaviorism was his focus on

answer

the experimental method.

question

Pavlov's work effected a change in focus from _____ to observable physiological events.

answer

subjective speculation about associationism

question

Whose work has been described as "a shift from speculation to experimentation?"

answer

Pavlov

question

What led Pavlov to shift from a study of theology to that of animal psychology?

answer

Darwin's theory

question

Who could be described as an absent-minded genius?

answer

Pavlov

question

The term "psychic reflexes" reflects

answer

Pavlov's early inclination to use mentalistic terms.

question

Pavlov's conditioned reflexes require _____ for learning to occur.

answer

reinforcements and S-R connections

question

More than any other researcher in psychology before him, Pavlov attempted to

answer

eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.

question

In the typical condition experiment done by Pavlov, the food placed in the dog's mouth is called the

answer

unconditioned stimulus.

question

For Pavlov, _____ is necessary for learning to take place.

answer

reinforcement

question

Pavlov conducted research on

answer

All of the choices are correct.

question

According to Pavlov in the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), his starting point in research was _____.

answer

Descartes idea of the nervous reflex.

question

In the last half of the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), Pavlov discussed ____.

answer

the building of what became known as the "Tower of Silence."

question

While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia, an American named ______ also discovered the existence of conditioned reflexes.

answer

Edwin Burket Twitmyer

question

If the 1904 APA attendees been more attentive, we might today speak of _____.

answer

Twitmyerian conditioning

question

Which of the following is (are) true?

answer

Both a and b.

question

Pavlov's work illustrated the study of higher mental processes in _____.

answer

physiological terms.

question

For Pavlov, humans and animals were _____.

answer

machines.

question

Consistent with James's views, Pavlov argued that ____.

answer

psychology was not yet a science.

question

Pavlov's view of psychology was _____.

answer

initially negative, then somewhat favorable.

question

Which of the following statements is not true regarding Bekhterev?

answer

Behkterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.

question

Bekhterev discovered ____.

answer

the associated reflexes.

question

Bekhterev _____.

answer

applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles.

question

Objective Psychology was authored by ______.

answer

Bekhterev

question

Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and, according to one historian, _____ is considered the grandfather of Watson's behaviorism.

answer

Cattell

question

Who first defined psychology as the study of behavior?

answer

Pillsbury

question

Angell proposed that the term consciousness had about the same life expectancy in psychology as the term _____.

answer

soul.

question

Behaviorism was a protest against structuralism, not functionalism.

answer

false

question

The founder of positivism was Comte.

answer

true

question

One criterion of positivism is that knowledge must be private in nature.

answer

false

question

According to positivism, inspective knowledge cannot be considered valid knowledge.

answer

true

question

Animal psychology was an outcome of evolutionary theory.

answer

true

question

The notion that single-celled organisms engage in purposive behavior was given by Wundt.

answer

false

question

The advantage of Loeb's concept of tropism was that consciousness was irrelevant.

answer

true

question

For Loeb, if an S-R association is formed, then the organism has consciousness.

answer

true

question

The rat maze was introduced in the research of Willard S. Small.

answer

true

question

The author of "Animal Education: The Psychical Development of the White Rat" was Washburn.

answer

false

question

The first text on comparative psychology was by Margaret Washburn.

answer

true

question

In the early years, animal psychology was discouraged because it appeared to lack pragmatic value.

answer

true

question

The work of Skinner on intermittent reinforcement was anticipated by the conditioning of Clever Hans.

answer

true

question

Thorndike argued that psychology should study behavior as well as conscious experience.

answer

false

question

Most of Thorndike's career was concerned with animal learning.

answer

false

question

Thorndike posited that "The mind is man's connection-system."

answer

true

question

Thorndike used the phrase "trail and accidental success."

answer

true

question

In his mechanistic approach to psychology, Thorndike discarded concepts of satisfaction and discomfort.

answer

false

question

In anticipation of Skinner's work on reinforcement schedules, Thorndike concluded that reward is as important as repetition of a response.

answer

false

question

Pavlov was constantly conducting experiments as he insisted on his own hands-on involvement.

answer

false

question

A revolution with fighting in the streets was no excuse for being late if you were one of Pavlov's lab assistants.

answer

true

question

Pavlov's Nobel Prize was for his work on conditioning.

answer

false

question

Pavlov's original term for learned responses was "psychic reflexes."

answer

true

question

In Pavlov's terms, the conditioned reflex is dependent on the formation of an association.

answer

true

question

Pavlov changed his terminology for a learned response from "psychic reflex" to "conditioned reflex."

answer

false

question

While the cartoon character Superman has his Tower of Silence, Pavlov had his laboratory called the Tower of Solitude.

answer

false

question

In Pavlovian conditioning, reinforcement is not essential.

answer

false

question

E.B. Twitmyer was the first to describe classical conditioning.

answer

false

question

The crux of Pavlov's work on conditioning was that higher mental processes could be studied in physiological terms.

answer

true

question

The element of Pavlov's work most readily appropriated by Watson was the conditioned reflex.

answer

true

question

Bekhterev's work is distinct from Pavlov's in the former's focus on voluntary motor responses.

answer

false

question

Bekhterev's discoveries concerned associated reflexes.

answer

true

question

V.M. Bekhterev wrote Objective Psychology.

answer

true

question

Watson was the sole proponent of a "science of behavior" prior to his 1913 paper on the subject.

answer

false

question

By 1910, it was expected that mind would soon become as irrelevant to psychology as the concept of the soul.

answer

true

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