History and Systems Ch. 9 – Flashcards
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Who argued that consciousness, as a concept, was an unprovable as the concept of the soul?
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Watson
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For Watson, introspection was
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irrelevant.
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For Comte, valid knowledge is that which is
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objectively observable and social in nature.
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The most important antecedent of Watson's behaviorism was
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animal psychology.
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Who had a theory of tropisms?
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Loeb.
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For Loeb, a tropism is a(n)
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involuntary forced movement.
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For Loeb, if an animal's response is forced by a stimulus, the
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behavior requires no inferences about consciousness.
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The white rat and the rat maze became staples of research in psychology in 1900 with the work of
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Willard S. Small.
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Watson's dissertation was on
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the conscious experience of rats.
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An early African American researcher in comparative psychology was
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Turner.
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The Animal Mind, the first textbook on comparative psychology, was written by
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Margaret Washburn.
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Who wrote a paper on ant behavior that was highly praised by Watson?
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Turner.
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The "last stand" of mentalistic interpretations of animal behavior was the text ______ written by ______
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The Animal Mind; Washburn.
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After The Animal Mind, textbooks on comparative psychology focused on
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learning.
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Which of the following statements best describes the change that took place in animal psychology following the work of Romanes and Morgan?
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The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.
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According to Schultz and Schultz, "Whether dealing with mind or with behavior, it was not easy to be ______."
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An animal psychologist.
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The particular contribution of Pavlov's work to Watson's behaviorism was Pavlov's ______.
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objective methodology.
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Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal's ability
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head movements.
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The case of Clever Hans served to
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illustrate the importance of objective, experimental study animal behavior with proper control conditions.
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Thorndike's (1898) law of effect is similar to
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Pavlov's law of reinforcement.
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The first doctoral dissertation in psychology to use animal subjects was that of
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Thorndike.
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In Thorndike's early research, he worked with all of the following except
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children.
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Thorndike earned his Ph.D. in 1898 and after 1899 studied
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All of the choices are correct.
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An approach to learning termed ____ was developed by Thorndike.
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connectionism
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For Thorndike, learning is _____.
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making connections.
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The influence of Romanes and Morgan on Thorndike was shown in Thorndike's _____.
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use of mentalistic processes.
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Thorndike's approach was similar to that of structuralism in his focus on
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mechanism.
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Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior?
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Thorndike
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The puzzle box is traditionally associated with the work of
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Thorndike
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Thorndike used ______ measures of learning to record his data.
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quantitative
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Thorndike's "trial and accidental success" learning is more commonly known as ______ learning.
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trial-and-error
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Habit strength is a function of repetition. This is an instance of
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Thorndike's law of exercise.
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Thorndike's ideas about the stamping in or stamping out of a response tendency led to his statement of
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the law of effect.
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Who first demonstrated that reward had a stronger effect than punishment?
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Thorndike
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Thorndike's revision of his law of effect stated that
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punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection.
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The "original" law of effect states that
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any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again; any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again.
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Thorndike's particular contribution to behaviorism was his focus on
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the experimental method.
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Pavlov's work effected a change in focus from _____ to observable physiological events.
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subjective speculation about associationism
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Whose work has been described as "a shift from speculation to experimentation?"
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Pavlov
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What led Pavlov to shift from a study of theology to that of animal psychology?
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Darwin's theory
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Who could be described as an absent-minded genius?
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Pavlov
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The term "psychic reflexes" reflects
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Pavlov's early inclination to use mentalistic terms.
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Pavlov's conditioned reflexes require _____ for learning to occur.
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reinforcements and S-R connections
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More than any other researcher in psychology before him, Pavlov attempted to
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eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.
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In the typical condition experiment done by Pavlov, the food placed in the dog's mouth is called the
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unconditioned stimulus.
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For Pavlov, _____ is necessary for learning to take place.
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reinforcement
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Pavlov conducted research on
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All of the choices are correct.
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According to Pavlov in the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), his starting point in research was _____.
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Descartes idea of the nervous reflex.
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In the last half of the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927), Pavlov discussed ____.
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the building of what became known as the "Tower of Silence."
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While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia, an American named ______ also discovered the existence of conditioned reflexes.
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Edwin Burket Twitmyer
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If the 1904 APA attendees been more attentive, we might today speak of _____.
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Twitmyerian conditioning
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Which of the following is (are) true?
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Both a and b.
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Pavlov's work illustrated the study of higher mental processes in _____.
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physiological terms.
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For Pavlov, humans and animals were _____.
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machines.
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Consistent with James's views, Pavlov argued that ____.
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psychology was not yet a science.
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Pavlov's view of psychology was _____.
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initially negative, then somewhat favorable.
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Which of the following statements is not true regarding Bekhterev?
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Behkterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.
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Bekhterev discovered ____.
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the associated reflexes.
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Bekhterev _____.
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applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles.
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Objective Psychology was authored by ______.
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Bekhterev
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Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and, according to one historian, _____ is considered the grandfather of Watson's behaviorism.
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Cattell
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Who first defined psychology as the study of behavior?
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Pillsbury
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Angell proposed that the term consciousness had about the same life expectancy in psychology as the term _____.
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soul.
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Behaviorism was a protest against structuralism, not functionalism.
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false
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The founder of positivism was Comte.
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true
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One criterion of positivism is that knowledge must be private in nature.
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false
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According to positivism, inspective knowledge cannot be considered valid knowledge.
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true
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Animal psychology was an outcome of evolutionary theory.
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true
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The notion that single-celled organisms engage in purposive behavior was given by Wundt.
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false
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The advantage of Loeb's concept of tropism was that consciousness was irrelevant.
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true
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For Loeb, if an S-R association is formed, then the organism has consciousness.
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true
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The rat maze was introduced in the research of Willard S. Small.
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true
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The author of "Animal Education: The Psychical Development of the White Rat" was Washburn.
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false
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The first text on comparative psychology was by Margaret Washburn.
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true
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In the early years, animal psychology was discouraged because it appeared to lack pragmatic value.
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true
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The work of Skinner on intermittent reinforcement was anticipated by the conditioning of Clever Hans.
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true
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Thorndike argued that psychology should study behavior as well as conscious experience.
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false
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Most of Thorndike's career was concerned with animal learning.
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false
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Thorndike posited that "The mind is man's connection-system."
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true
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Thorndike used the phrase "trail and accidental success."
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true
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In his mechanistic approach to psychology, Thorndike discarded concepts of satisfaction and discomfort.
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false
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In anticipation of Skinner's work on reinforcement schedules, Thorndike concluded that reward is as important as repetition of a response.
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false
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Pavlov was constantly conducting experiments as he insisted on his own hands-on involvement.
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false
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A revolution with fighting in the streets was no excuse for being late if you were one of Pavlov's lab assistants.
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true
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Pavlov's Nobel Prize was for his work on conditioning.
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false
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Pavlov's original term for learned responses was "psychic reflexes."
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true
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In Pavlov's terms, the conditioned reflex is dependent on the formation of an association.
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true
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Pavlov changed his terminology for a learned response from "psychic reflex" to "conditioned reflex."
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false
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While the cartoon character Superman has his Tower of Silence, Pavlov had his laboratory called the Tower of Solitude.
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false
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In Pavlovian conditioning, reinforcement is not essential.
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false
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E.B. Twitmyer was the first to describe classical conditioning.
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false
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The crux of Pavlov's work on conditioning was that higher mental processes could be studied in physiological terms.
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true
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The element of Pavlov's work most readily appropriated by Watson was the conditioned reflex.
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true
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Bekhterev's work is distinct from Pavlov's in the former's focus on voluntary motor responses.
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false
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Bekhterev's discoveries concerned associated reflexes.
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true
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V.M. Bekhterev wrote Objective Psychology.
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true
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Watson was the sole proponent of a "science of behavior" prior to his 1913 paper on the subject.
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false
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By 1910, it was expected that mind would soon become as irrelevant to psychology as the concept of the soul.
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true
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