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English Civil War

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-between Parliamentarians "Roundheads" and Royalists "Cavaliers" -over the manner of England's government -ended with Parliament victory at Battle of Wecester

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Thomas Hobbes

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Thomas Hobbes -english philosopher -established social contract theory -wrote Leviathan

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John Locke

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-"Father of classical liberalism" -sought natural law of politics -regarded govt as a contract between rulers and the ruled

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Caudillos

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-regional military leaders in Latin America -means "little chief" -head of state

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau~

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-influential thinker of the Enlightenment -wrote The Social Contract -argued that members of a society were collectively the sovereign

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Haitian Revolution

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-only successful slave revolt in history -organized by Boukman -inspired by American and French revolutions -slave forces overcame white settlers with leadership of Dominique Toussaint

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"Reign of Terror"

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The Jacobin party led this by executing 40,000 people and imprisoning 300,000 others as suspected enemies of revolution.

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"L'Etat, c'est Moi"

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-means "I am the state" -French King Louis XIV believed he had the right to do whatever he desired as ruler of France -concept of divine right of kings.

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"La Marseillaise"~

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This is the national anthem of France. It was written and composed during the French Revolutionary Wars. It acquired its nickname after being such in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching on the capital.

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Napoleon Bonaparte~

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-French military and political leader -seized most of continental Europe -promoted the Civil Code

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Battle of Austerlitz

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-aka the Battle of the Three Emperors -one of Napoleon's greatest victories -the French Empire effectively crushed the Third Coalition

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Confederation of the Rhine

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-league of German states formed by Emperor Napoleon I -after he defeated Austria and Russia in the Battle of Austerlitz. -members were German princes from the Holy Roman Empire

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Peninsular War

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Peninsular War -between the First French Empire and the allied powers of the Spanish Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Kingdom of Portugal -for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars -escalated in 1808 when France turned on Spain, its ally until then

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Tsar Alexander I

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-became known as Alexander the Liberator -emancipation of serfs -ruled Russia during the period of the Napoleonic wars

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Tanzimat

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-"restructuring" -public trails & equal protection under law for muslims, christians, & Jews -army restructured

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Congress of Vienna

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-an attempt to restore the prerevolutionary order -dismantled Napolean's empire -included representatives of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

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Edmund Burke

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-remembered for his support of the American Revolution -opposed the French Revolution -member of whig party

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1805 Constitution of Haiti

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-the 2nd constitution of Haiti -promulgated by Emperor Jacques I -provided for freedom of religion, banned most whites from citizenship or owning land in Haiti -declared all citizens "black" in an effort to end racism based on lightness of skin

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Luddites

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-19th c. English textile artisans -protested against newly developed labour-replacing machinery -machines threatened to replace the artisans with less-skilled, low-wage labourers, leaving them without work

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Congress of Panama

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-organized by Simón Bolívar -goal of bringing together the new republics of Latin America to develop a unified policy towards Spain -proposed creating a league of American republics

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Congress of Angostura

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This was summoned by Simon Bolivar. It led to the creation of the Republic of Columbia. It made Bolivar president.

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Simon Bolivar~

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led the movement for Mexican independence against the Spanish. His goal was to weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States.

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Toussaint L'Ouverture

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-called himself L'Ouverture meaning "the opening" -son of slaves and became a free man -issued a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents of Saint-Domingue

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Father Miguel Hidalgo

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Mexican Catholic priest -Father of Mexican Independence -no creole support

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Crimean War

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-Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia -one of the first "modern" wars -caused the decline of the Ottoman Empire

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Otto von Bismarck

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-prime minister of King Whelm I of Prussia -master of realpolitik -reformed and expanded the Prussian army -used the franco-Prussian war to unite the independent states

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Realpolitik

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"The politics of reality". The most famous advocate of this was Otto von Bismarck. He used this term in his quest to achieve Prussian dominance in Germany.

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Franco-Prussian War

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-between France & Russia & German states -emerged from tensions caused by German unification -final step in Germany's rise to the position of a major continental power

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Karl Marx

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-wrote The Communist Manifesto -major figure in the founding of sociology -socio-political theory of Marxism

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Zheng He

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Commander of China's Naval fleet (1405-1433) Eunuch went on voyages to show Chinese power

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Reconquista

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800-year fight of Western Christians to eliminate Islam from the Iberian Peninsula. times of peace, called the convivencia ("coexistence")

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Alhambra Decree

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Edict of Expulsion Issued by Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492, ended the Reconquista, expelled all Jews from Spanish territory

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Bartolomeu Dias

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sailing around the Cape of Good Hope proving that a water route around Africa to India was possible in 1488

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Ferdinand Magellan

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1519-1521 Around the world voyage 1521 April finds land in Philippines Natives kill him w/ poisoned arrow 20 men out of 260 arrived in Spain

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Prince Henry the Navigator

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Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ and organized missions to sail down the African coast in search of the famed prince as well as to establish trade relations oversaw the settlement of Madeira Island

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Sao Jorge de Mina

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first Portuguese trading post built on Gulf of Guinea, Henry the Navigator made possible, important site for Atlantic Slave Trade

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Hans Staden

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German soldier and explorer who voyaged to South America in the middle of the sixteenth century, where he was captured by the Tupinambá people of Brazil.

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Tupinamba

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captured hans staden, live on the brazil coast line, had a common language and culture but had multiple tribes, practiced ritual canibalism (for revenge)

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Anglicanism (Church of England)

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Anglicans Episcopalian Church of England, uses the Book of Common Prayer, as a branch of Protestantism, it rivaled roman catholicism

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Martin Luther

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1517 posted the 95 theses openly opposed the church of england objection to the sale of indulgences

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Ninty-Five Theses

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martin luther posted them were his objections to the church of england

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Jesuits

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result from the Council of Trent; sought to extend the boundaries of the reformed Roman church. Founded by St. Ignatius Loyola. A new monastic order to spread catholicism around the world.

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spanish Inquisition

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original task was to ferret out those who secretly practiced Judaism or Islam intended to maintain Catholicism through their kingdoms

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Spanish Armada

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a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England

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Tlaxcala

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Initially battled the Spanish until being defeated and impressed with battle prowess, Aztec city and people who allied with the Cortes and the Spanish to conquer Tenochtitlan, remained free of Spanish control for long time due to alliance with Cortes,

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Dona Marina

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linked Cortes to language of Mayan as well as symbolized the early emergence of the mestizo population in Mexico & contributed to the thorough transformation of Mexican society. Remembered as the mother of the Mexican people by many and La Malinche (the traitor) to others

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encomienda

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1st management system; institution that gave encomenderos, Spanish settlers, the right to compel Tainos to work in their mines or fields, in return they were supposed to look after their workers' welfare & encourage their conversion to Christianity. FORCED LABOR

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quilombos

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Quilombos Brazilian settlements founded by escaped african slaves, communities under constant attack

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Iroquois

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Powerful confederacy of native americans in the northeast america, fought the beaver wars with the Hurons, long-standing treaty with the British

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Huron

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Native american peoples allied with the french during the french and indian war, support from french during the beaver wars, defeated by the Iroquois confederacy

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Hernan Cortes

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Famous Spanish conquistador, defeated the powerful Aztec empire, among the first spanish explorers to colonize the americas

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Charles V

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Devoted to combating the Lutheran movement, opposed by the French and Ottomans from both east and west, chose to abdicate his throne

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Motecuhzoma

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Aztec king of the city of Tenochtitlan, killed by the spanish under command of Hernan Cortes during spanish conquest of mesoamerica, reigned during the height of the Aztec empire

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Nzinga Mbemba

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Also known as King Afonso I, ruled the Kingdom of Kongo in the 16th century, devout Roman Catholic, protested slave trading in Kongo

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Angola

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Region in central Africa ruled by Queen Nzinga, colonized by Portuguese after her death, gained independence in 1900s

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Forbidden City

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Walled imperial palace of the Ming/Qing dynastys, located in Bejing China, designed by the emperor Yongle

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Francis Xavier

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A Roman Catholic Missionary, co-founder of the Jesuits, evangelized in many places, particularly in India

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Ming Dynasty

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1368 - 1644 "bright" known for its cultural brilliance; extremely wealthy-- forbidden city emperor= Mandate of Heaven Discouraged anything Mongol related, exam system Promoted Confucian learning and gender roles Restoration of Native Rule Only dynasty to expand Great Wall

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Vlad III "the Impaler"

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Referred to as "the Impaler" for his execution methods, battles the Ottomans and his killed, decapitated, and his head was put on display in Constantinople, gave rise to Dracula legends

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Qing Dynasty

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Comes about due to decline in Ming Dynasty, emperor corrupt and no proper empire enforcement. Also known as the Manchu Dynasty, the differences were ban on intermarriage (chines and mandarin) Chinese were not allowed in Manchuria. Became an expansive empire due to security concerns with threats on virtually all sides.

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Shinto

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Indigenous Japanese religion, emphasized divinity of the emperor, opposed Chinese influence of Buddhism and neo-Confucianism

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Tokugawa Shogunate

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Last shogunate in Japanese history, founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu, notable for unifying Japan

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dhimmi

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translates to "protected people" People living in Mughal empire that were not muslim but were free to practice their religion Had to pay tax to practice

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Mughals

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Islamic dynasty that ruled India, constructed the Taj Mahal, experienced enlightenment under the reign of Akbar

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Safavid Empire

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Safavid Empire Supported Shia version of Islam

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Akbar

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Mughal Emperor from 1556 until his death. He was the third and one of the greatest rulers of the Mughal Dynasty in India tolerant of many religions

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Peace of Augsburg

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Treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League, ended their religious struggle, Sept. 25, 1555

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Suleiman I "The Magnificent"

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Ottoman turkish ruler, most powerful and wealthy ruler of the 16th century, ottoman empire climaxed under his rule

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Battle of Lepanto

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Naval battle between Holy League and Ottoman empire, marked the diminishing of the Ottoman superiority, fought in 1571

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Mehmed II

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Also known as Mehmed the Conquerer, completed the conquest of Serbia, launched invasion of Italy

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Canton System

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A means for China to control trade with the west, focused all trade on the southern port of Canton, est. in 1757

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Maya

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Indigenous mesoamerican people famous for math, astronomy and sophisticated written language, conquered by the Spanish, encountered and studied by Diego de Landa

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Patriarch Jeremiah II

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Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 1572-1595,

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Elizabeth I

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Protestant queen of England, opposed King Philip II of Spain, defeated the Spanish Armada

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Samuel de Champlain

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Known as the "Father of New France", founded Quebec City in 1608, first European to explore & publish an account w/ maps of the Great Lakes

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Karl Marx

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-wrote The Communist Manifesto -major figure in the founding of sociology -socio-political theory of Marxism

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights went to France to watch the revolution which sparked her to write about natural rights

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Pan-Slavism

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- specific to the 19th century - all slavs should unite under one entity - element of ethnicity/religion/nationalism

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The Eastern Question

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refers to the strategic competition and political considerations of the European Great Powers in light of the political and economic instability in the Ottoman Empire from the late 18th to early 20th centuries.

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ʿAbd-ul-Qadir Bada'uni

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-an Indo-Persian historian and translator living in the Mughal Empire -worked on "history of the millenium" commissioned by Akbar

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Ma Huan

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translator for Zheng He on 3 of his voyages took extensive notes on their travels

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Tulisen

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-member of the plain yellow banner -appointed to Qing embassy sent on journey through Russia -recorded his observations of Russian life

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Peter the Great

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Powerful Tsar of Russia, envisioned and built a powerful Russian military, succeeded by Cathrine the Great

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Lin Tse-Hsu

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-strong stance against British opium merchants -wrote letter to queen victoria -high up in gov

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Nikolai Danilevskii

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-Russian writer and intellectual -wrote Russia and europe - wanted russia to unite like with pan-slavism (wanteed their own bismark) -used more of the religion and tradition to unite

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