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Homestead Act

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--1863 --Westward Expansion --Established process in which the western states would be settled

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National Banking Act

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--1863 --North for it, South against --Too much power in hands of banks --Established currency; Greenbacks

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Freedman's Bureau

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--1865 by Congress --Helps integrate slaves --Loved by North, hated by South

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Ten Percent Plan

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--Lincoln --If 10% of the states population swore an oath of loyalty to the U.S., the state could form a new government, declare end of slavery and send representatives to Congress

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Wade-Davis Bill

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1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

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Ironclad Oath

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--Oath that you took to swear loyalty to the Union --"Never served nor supported South"

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Andrew Johnson

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--17th president of the United States, came to office after Lincoln's assassination and opposed Radical Republicans; he was impeached

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Radical Reconstruction

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--Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

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Black Codes

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--Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves

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Thirteenth Amendment

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--Abolished slavery

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Fourteenth Amendment

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--Made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

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Fifteenth Amendment

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--Gave African American men the right to vote

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Command of the Army Act

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--An act issued in 1867 that forced Andrew Johnson to issue military orders through the general of the army (then Ulysses S. Grant) instead of directly to the south.

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Tenure of Office Act

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--Made it illegal for president to replace officers who have been confirmed by Congress without Congressional approval

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Military Reconstruction Act

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It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law

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Carpetbagger

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--Someone in the South that favors Radical Reconstruction --From North originally

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Scalawag

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--Southerner that supported Radical Reconstruction

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Credit-Mobilier

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a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

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Ku Klux Klan

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--Terrorizes Carpet Baggers, Scalawags, and especially Blacks --Was successful--Reconstruction collapses

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Ulysses S. Grant

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--Former Union General--Americans love war heroes --Becomes 18th president --"Gold v. Paper"--He favored gold --Presidency runs ragged

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"Bloody Shirt" v. "Dirty Laundry"

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--Election of 1876--Reconstruction --Tilden(D) v. Hayes(R) --Bloody Shirt(R)-"Vote as you shot." --Dirty Laundry(D)-Reminds of Republican scandals

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Greenbacks v. Gold

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--Debate between established currency, Greenbacks, or gold. --Southerners wanted gold --Northerners wanted Greenbacks

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Horace Greely

answer

--NY Times editor --Candidate for Liberal Republican Party --Okay with gold, but not reconstruction

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Jay Cooke

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--Wealthy New York financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression

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Jay Gould

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--United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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--19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history --"Bloody Shirt" v. "Dirty Laundry"

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Wormley House Bargain

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--Republicans get White House --Hayes must withdraw Union troops --Agrees

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New South v. Old

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--Share Cropping --Jim Crow Laws

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Sharecropping/Tenancy

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--Half your crop goes to land lord

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Crop Lien System

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--System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

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Bourbon Redeemers

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--Southern Democrats --Holds a political office --Opposes Reconstruction

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Convict Lease

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--New South --Redeemers lease a convict --Closely relates to slavery; almost all are black

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Laissez-faire

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--"Let it be" --Government stay out of economy --Opposite of regulation

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Jim Crow

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--Separate but equal

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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--Separate but equal --Private businesses CAN discriminate

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Ida Wells

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--Reporter who fled South --Threatened to be lynched --Revealed truth about "raping" cover story --One of the initiators of the NAACP

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Booker T. Washington

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--Accommodation --"Accept and ride out segregation" --"Prosperity before equality"

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W.E.B. Dubois

answer

--From North --Agitation --Booker T. and him have opposing views --"Equality must come first."

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Accommodation v. Agitation

answer

--Accommodation--Booker T.--"Ride it out"; "Prosperity before equality" --Agitation--W.E.B. Dubois--"Equality before prosperity"

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Great American Desert

answer

--The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. Known as this before 1860, they were the lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast. --Now some of the most fertile soils in the nation

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Exodusters

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--Black settlers --Escaped from "New South" and headed west in large groups

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Buffalo Soldiers

answer

--Black Calvary --"Policed" the Frontier --Name given by Indians

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Western Expansion

answer

--Homestead Act --Railroad --Barbed Wire invented

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Reservations

answer

--Areas of federal land set aside for American Indians

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Little Big Horn

answer

--General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse --Custer's Last Stand

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George Armstrong Custer

answer

--United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

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Wounded Knee

answer

--In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

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Chief Joseph

answer

--Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

question

Geronimo

answer

--Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909)

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Wovoka

answer

--Indian prophet/messiah --Ghost Dance in Dakota Territories --White fears --Massacre at Wounded Knee 7th Calvary

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Ghost Dance

answer

--Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee --Scared white men--they thought it was a war cry

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Cow Town

answer

--Towns where cattle were held in pens until they could be loaded into railroad cars and shipped into markets in the East

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Texas Longhorn

answer

--Long-horned beef cattle formerly common in southwestern United States --Sucky college football team --GIG 'EM AGGIES!!!

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Refrigerated Train Cars

answer

--Invented by Gustavus Swift --Used to transport meat

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Barbed Wire

answer

--Cheap way to contain cattle --Led to some "Range Wars"

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Bonanza Farms

answer

--"Boom" out west --Mining, Ranching, and Farming --Massive and mechanized

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Frontier Thesis

answer

--One person for every one hundred square miles --"Frontier was no more" --"Frontier is what made America"

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Frederick Jackson Turner

answer

--Wrote "Frontier Thesis" --United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)

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Reasons for Business Growth

answer

--Railroads --Technological Innovation --Power Sources--Main source: COAL

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Second Industrial Revolution

answer

--Steep growth in industry and the production of steel, petrolium, electric power, and the machinery to produce other goods

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Transcontinental Railroad

answer

--Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

question

Cornelius Vanderbilt

answer

--United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877) --At one point owned all railroads in the United States

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Alexander Graham Bell

answer

--Invented the telephone

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Thomas Edison

answer

--American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

question

John D. Rockefeller

answer

--Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. --OIL!!

question

Andrew Carnegie

answer

--Bethlehem Steel --80-90% nation's steel --Bessemer Process --Vertical Integration

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J.P. Morgan

answer

--Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

question

Richard Sears

answer

--A successful and creative figure in the mail-order business who began by selling jewelry

question

Standard Oil

answer

--Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller

question

Bethlehem Steel

answer

--Andrew Carnegie

question

Vertical Integration

answer

--Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

question

Investment Banking

answer

--The sale of stocks and bonds for corporations

question

Mass-market Retail

answer

--A company that sells affordably priced products that appeal to a wide variety of consumers

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"Gospel of Wealth"

answer

--Written by Andrew Carnegie --Obligations of the Wealthy --Wealthy and charity

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Labor Unions

answer

--Organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages.

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Molly Maguires

answer

--A society fo irish miners who engaged in a violent confrontation with pennsylvania mining companies in the 19th century

question

Knights of Labor

answer

--Labor Union --Anyone could join --Boycotts over strikes --Hay Market Square --Due to "Anarchy," it dissolved

question

AFL

answer

--American Federation of Labor --Led by Samuel Gompers --Only includes SKILLED workers--very exclusive --Still around today

question

Samuel Gompers

answer

--He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

question

Eugene Debs

answer

--Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. --Studied Marx

question

Haymarket Affair

answer

--1886 incident that made unions, particularly the Knights of Labor, look violent because a bomb exploded during a protest of striking workers. --Anarchy

question

Pullman Strike

answer

--1894 - nonviolent strike (brought down the railway system in most of the West) at the Pullman Palace Car Co. over wages -- Prez. Cleveland shut it down because it was interfering with mail delivery

question

Homestead Strike

answer

--In 1892- one of the most violent strikes in America at the Carnegie Steel Company. 7 people died. 300 Pinkerton detectives were hired and there was a battle where they ultimately surrendered.

question

Karl Marx

answer

--Father of Communism

question

Socialism

answer

--A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

question

Industrial Workers of the World

answer

--IWW Union -Radical Socialists --"Wobblies"

question

Vertical Growth

answer

--Expanding capabilities on levels other than its primary function

question

Horizontal Growth

answer

--Gaining control of all or nearly all of a particular industry (monopoly)

question

Immigration

answer

--Movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population --Immigrants were rushing in to America

question

Ellis Island

answer

--An island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States

question

Boss Politics

answer

--"Urban Politics" --Very Corrupt --"You scratch my back I scratch yours."

question

William Tweed

answer

--N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City

question

Tammany Hall

answer

--Most notorious political machine; NY city; Marcy Tweed also know as Boss Tweed became head in 1863

question

American Protective Association

answer

--Restricts immigration

question

Nationalism

answer

--The doctrine that your national culture and interests are superior to any other --'MERICA!!!

question

Vaudeville

answer

--Stage entertainment made up of various acts, such as dancing, singing, comedy, and magic shows

question

Tenement Housing

answer

--Apartment-style housing that was mainly used to house recent immigrants and their families. They had problems with overcrowding and it often became these families permanent housing.

question

Apartments

answer

--Better solution to Tenement Housing

question

Department Stores

answer

--Larger stores that are organized into many separate departments and offer many product lines --Sears, Macy's

question

Spectator Sports

answer

--Baseball, football, basketball --Helped people follow rules

question

Coney Island

answer

--Amusement Park --Fun fun FUN!!

question

Saloons

answer

--Bars --Social/political center of a city

question

Social Darwinism

answer

--"Survival of the Fittest" -Herbert Spencer and Graham Sumner

question

Social Gospel

answer

--Urbanization --Opposite of Social Darwinism --Charity is required by faith --Rauschenbusch

question

Settlement House

answer

--A center in an underprivileged area that provides community services

question

Jane Addams

answer

--Founded Hull House

question

Women's Suffrage

answer

--Women's right to vote --Susan B. Anthony -Elizabeth Cady Stanton

question

Susan B. Anthony

answer

--Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

question

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

answer

--United States suffragist and feminist

question

Guilded Age

answer

--Golden on the outside, but corruption and political problems on the inside

question

Populism

answer

--The movement to increase farmers' political power and to work for legislation in their interest. --Explained by the Wizard of Oz

question

Spoils System

answer

--The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power --Corrupt

question

Grover Cleveland

answer

--Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

question

Chester A. Arthur

answer

--Corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system --He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. --Garfield won but was assassinated--Arthur becomes president

question

James Garfield

answer

--20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Julius Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage

question

Benjamin Harrison

answer

--23rd President ---Republican --Poor leader --Introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

question

Stalwarts

answer

--Reform and corruption --"Nothing wrong with current system"--Halfbreeds --Boss Tweed and Chester Arthur --Republican

question

Half-Breeds

answer

--Wanted to reform

question

The Grange

answer

--Originally a social organization between farmers, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads

question

Interstate Commerce Commission

answer

--Gave government control of rail roads

question

Rum, Romanism, Rebellion

answer

--An insult made against NY Irish-Americans by a republican clergyman in the 1884 election. Blaine's failure to repudiate this statement lost him NY and contributed to his defeat by Grover Cleveland.

question

The Wizard of Oz

answer

--Explains the Populist party

question

Sherman Anti-trust Act

answer

--First federal action against monopolies

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