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Spoils System

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A term, usually derisive, whereby newly elected office-holders appoint loyal members of their own party to public office.

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Kitchen Cabinet

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an informal group of close friends and influential Van Buren, the secretary of state. They were advisers, not directors, Jackson was the master of his own administration.

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Trail of Tears

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The name for the 1838 forced removal of Cherokee and other Indians from Georgia and the western Appalachians to Indian Territory in Oklahoma and nearby regions.

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Nullification

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A doctrine, forcefully articulated by John C. Calhoun in 1828, asserting that a state could invalidate, within its own boundaries, federal legislation the state regarded as unconstitutional

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Nullification crisis

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The Nullification Crisis was a sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared by the power of the State that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina. The controversial and highly protective Tariff of 1828 (known to its detractors as the "Tariff of Abominations") was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. The tariff was opposed in the South and parts of New England. Its opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced.

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Second Party System

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A term for the political contention between the Democratic party, as rejuvenated by Andrew Jackson in 1828, and the Whigs, who emerged in response to Jackson.

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Specie Circular

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An edict, issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836, obliging purchasers of public land to do so with gold coins rather than the paper currency issued by state banks; it caused the speculative boom in real estate to collapse and exacerbated a financial panic the following year.

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Independent Treasury Act (pg 263)

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The Independent Treasury was a system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921

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Review the efforts of the Jacksonians to "democratize" politics. Pay special attention to changes to voting rights and changes to how presidential candidates were nominated. (pg 248)

answer

Western States eliminated property ownership as a prerequisite for voting. - More public offices were made elective rather than appointive - Electors were selected by popular vote in all states except SC and DE. - System of allowing Congressional Caucaus to elect the presidential candidates came to an end. - Jackson and Adams were nominated by state legislature - Nomination by national party convention was soon after adopted. - every citizens was equally important and the conviction that all should participate in government.

question

What constitutional debate was at the center of the Webster-Hayne debate? Pay special attention to how each side in this debate viewed the constitution. (pg 252)

answer

State's Rights. - Webster: Constitution was a compact of the American people not merely of the states - the Union is perpectual and indissoluable. Made state's rights issue equal to treason. - Haynes: Followed the State's Right Doctrine - Alliance of South and West based on cheap land and low tariffs (Calhoun/Benton) - Webster supported Northeastern Interests

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Review the criticism leveled by some against the Bank of the United States. (pg 253)

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Distrust of paper money - The largest of many bad institutions - discouraged bankers from lending freely thus limiting their profits - The bank was a Monopoly - Distrust of chartered corporations as agent of special privilege tended to focus on the bank. Monopoly of public funds Managed by private citizens Controlled by a handful of rich men

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On what basis did Jackson justify his veto of the Second National Bank's Charter? (pg 254)

answer

Insisted the bank was unconstitutional - inexpedient - a dangerous private monopoly that allowed a handful of rich people to accumulate "many millions" of dollars - the bank was making the rich richer and the potent more powerful - many of the stock holders were foreigners, 'if we should have a bank ... it should be purely American."

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Describe Jackson's view of nullification. (pg 255)

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tantamount to treason. - Federal Union must be preserved.

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Who was Peggy Eaton and what role did she play in the dispute between Jackson and Calhoun?

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Wife of the Jackson's Secretary of War - Snubbed by Calhoun's wife for supposedly having an affair with Eaton while she was still married to another man. - Jackson and his wife (Rachel) were also accused of such activity.

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Which Native American tribe was forcibly removed from Georgia and to Oklahoma? (pg 255-256)

answer

Cherokee

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How did the Nullification crisis end? (pg 259)

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With the Tariff compromise of 1833 which gradually reduced tariffs over a period of 10 years.

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Review what your authors call the "underlying principles" that defined the Jacksonians. (pg 260)

answer

Suspicion of special privilege and large business corporations (Typified by the bank of the US) Freedom of economic opportunity - Unfettered by private or government restrictions - Absolute political freedom for white males

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Which political party coalesced around opposition to "King Andrew"? See Table 9.1 on page 262 for details.

answer

The Whigs

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Which political party used the campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!" Who was its candidate?

answer

...

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Cult of True Womanhood

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An ideal of middle class womanhood in the early nineteenth centruy that asserted that women were naturally pious, pure, and submissive; exemplars of Christian precepts; and best suited to supervise the moral develpment of family.

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Charles Grandison Finney

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Charismatic evangelist who brought the Second Great Awakening to its crest. He abandoned a promising career as a lawyer and became an itinerant preacher. His most success came during a series of revivals in towns along the Erie Canal, that Finney called "the burned-over district".

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Voluntary associations

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Third pillar of the emerging American middle class, it had neither colonial precedents nor contemporary European equivalents.. Leaders tended to be ministers, lawyers, or merchants, but the rant and file consisted of tradesmen, foremen, clerks, and their wives. Associations were assuming functions previously performed in the family.

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The Shakers

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A religious commune founded by Ann Lee in England that came to America in 1774. Shakers practiced celibacy, believed that God was both Mother and Father, and held property in common.

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Thomas Gallaudet

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Developed methods for educating deaf people. Gallaudet's school in Hartford, CT opened its doors in 1817.

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Auburn System

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allowed social contact among prisoners and for work in shops and stone quarries instead of solitary confinement.

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Frederick Douglass

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A former slave who had escapted from Maryland, was one of the most remarkable americans for his generation.He had been beaten etc. but allowed to learn to read and write and to master a trade, normally denied to slaves. He became an agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society and a featured speaker at its public meetings.

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Transcendentalism

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A diverse and loosely defined philosophy that promoted a mystical, intuitive way of looking at life that subordinated facts to feelings. Trancendentalists argued that humans could transcend reason and intellectual capacities by having faith in themselves and in the fundamental benevolence of the universe. They were complete individualists.

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Who wrote the book Democracy in America? (pg 270)

answer

Alexis de Tocqueville

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Describe the impact of the factory system on the American middle-class family. Pay special attention to changes in gender roles in the home. (pg 271)

answer

Men relinquished some of the power of the home to the wife. But now the wife was responsible for all household tasks, and any interest in other fields was frowned upon and certainly taking a job was out of the question - except for lower class families who required all members to work to keep food on the table.

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How did the attitude toward children change during the early nineteenth century, especially in the middle class household? (pg 274)

answer

Women began having fewer children, which led to parents valuing their children more through time and affection. Relationships became more caring and children were viewed as the the moral superiors of their parents.

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How did participants in the Great Awakening view the theological concept of salvation? (pg 274-275)

answer

Finney dismissed Calvinism and said salvation was available to anyone. Conversions increased sharply. Church membership doubled in six months in Rochester. Elsewhere, churches capitalize on the efforts of the other evangelists to fill their pews. Singing of hymns. Women, responsible for the children/household religious education had servants and therefore time to devote to their salvation. Women broke out of the shadows of their husbands.

question

Review your authors' comments regarding the per capita consumption of alcohol during the 1820's. (pg 280)

answer

In the 1820's the per capita consumption of hard liquor reached five gallons, well over twice what it is today.

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how do your authors describe William Lloyd Garrison's attitude toward slavery? (pg 282)

answer

absolutely unyielding;

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Who wrote Women in the Nineteenth Century? (pg 284)

answer

Margaret Fuller

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What was the Declaration of Sentiments? Which famous American document served as a model for the Declaration of Sentiments? (pg 284)

answer

All men and women are created equal. It was patterned after the Declaration of Independence

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Who wrote the essay "Civil Disobedience"? Why did he write it? (pg 287)

answer

It explained Henry David Thoreau's view of the proper relation between the individual and the state, resulting in his protest to pay his poll tax and landing in jail.

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Who wrote The Scarlett Letter and what was it about? (pg 288)

answer

A grim yet sympathetic analysis of adultery, condemned not the woman, Hester Prynne, but the people who presumed to judge her.

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Which book do your authors declare to be "one of the finest novels written by an american"? (pg 289)

answer

Moby Dick

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In Northern Society, what drove the efforts to advance reading and to disseminate culture? (pg 290)

answer

Industrialization

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More than anything else, what idea was the driving force behind the common school movement? That is to say, what contribution would such schools make to American society and governance? (pg 291)

answer

The belief that a government based on democratic rule must provide the means to "difuse knowledge throughout the mass of the people". This meant free tax supported schools that all children were expected to attend. It meant that such an educational system should be administered on a statewide basis and that teaching should become a profession that required formal training.

question

Review the successes of the common school movement. (pg 292)

answer

...

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