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Freedom of African Americans was shaped by

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Experience as slaves; society

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Emancipation _____ the power of black men in the family.

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Increased

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The process of being set free from social, legal or political restrictions

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Emacipation

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Blacks left religious white controlled institutions by making _____ of their own.

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Churches

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Blacks of all ages flocked to schools established by _____, the Freedmans bureau, and ex-slaves.

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Northern missionary societies

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Became the former slaves desire for empowerment and equality.

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The right to vote

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Former slaves' ideas of freedom were directly related to _____. Many former slaves insisted that through their unpaid labor, they had acquired a right to the land.

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Land ownership

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established schools, provided health care to the poor and aged, settling disputes, etc. It had fewer than 1,000 agents.

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The Freedmans bureau

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The Freedmans bureau established a

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Working free labor system

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New laws passed by southern governments that restricted blacks from voting, owning property, traveling to the North (If they signed a labor contract)

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Black Codes

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northern-born white Republicans who made their homes in the South after the war, with many holding political office.

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Carpetbaggers

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southern-born white Republicans. Some were wealthy (e.g., James Alcorn, a Mississippi planter) Most had been up-country non-slaveholders before the Civil War and some had been Unionists during the war.

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Scalawags

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It placed in the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United States and empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. It did not grant blacks the right to vote.

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The 14th amendment

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By the year of ____ the United States produced one-third of the world's industrial output.

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1913

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The 1880 census showed for the first time that a majority of the workforce engaged in nonfarming jobs. The growth of cities was vital for financing industrialization. Great Lakes region Pittsburgh Chicago

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Industrial economy

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the merging together of two or more businesses that are at different stages of production—for example, a food manufacturer and a chain of supermarkets. Andrew Carnegie was famous for this.

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Vertical integration

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exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. characterized by a lack of economic competition. Example: Rockefeller with oil industry, Carnegie with railroads

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Monopolies

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Modern-day businesspeople who allegedly engage in unethical business tactics and questionable stock market transactions to build large personal fortunes. i.e Carnegie and Rockefeller.

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Robber Baron

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a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way.

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Captains of industry

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Between 1880 and 1900, an average of 35,000 workers perished each year in factory and mine accidents, the highest rate in the industrial world.

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Effects of industrialism

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passed in 1890, banned practices that restrained free trade. Liberty of Contract and the Courts

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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voided a state law establishing ten hours per day or sixty per week as the maximum hours of work for bakers, citing that it infringed on individual freedom.

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Lochner v. New York

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organized all workers to improve social conditions. Labor raised the question of whether meaningful freedom could exist in a situation of extreme economic inequality.

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The Knights of Labor

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Alarmed by fear of class warfare and the growing power of concentrated capital, social thinkers offered numerous plans for change. Henry George's solution was the single tax.

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Middle Class Reformers

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insisted that freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization of wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood.

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Walter Rauschenbusch

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established mission and relief programs in urban areas

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Social Gospel adherents

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demonstrated that workers sought not only higher wages but the opportunity to enjoy the finer things in life.

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Lawrence strike

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fought for the right to assemble and speak freely. The courts rejected the claims of these.

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Labor unions

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On May 1, 1886, some 350,000 workers in cities across the country demonstrated for an eight-hour day. A riot ensued after a bomb killed a policeman on May 4. Employers took the opportunity to paint the labor movement as a dangerous and un-American force prone to violence and controlled by foreign-born radicals. Seven of the eight men accused of plotting the Haymarket bombing were foreign-born.

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Haymarket affair

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Charles Darwin put forth the theory of evolution, whereby plant and animal species best suited to their environment took the place of those less able to adapt. argued that evolution was as natural process and that government must not interfere. Failure to advance in society was widely thought to indicate a lack of character.

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Social Darwinism

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The Social Darwinist believed that freedom required frank acceptance of inequality.

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William G. Sumner

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The right to work in safe conditions with breaks, disability, etc. Right to a fair wage, 8 hr work day Social welfare programs-in the early 1900s it meant workman's comp, disability, retirement. Later on it meant poor people getting money from government, government funding.

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Industrial freedom

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catches them and make sure they don't become poor by using the insurance programs that protect American workers.

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Social Safety Net

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revolutionized manufacturing with the moving assembly line. He paid his employees five dollars a day so that they could afford to buy his car.

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Henry Ford

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Blacks and immigrant women- unskilled, low wage work. White women: "White-collar" work (sales clerk, phone operator, secretary) Professions

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Female white collar worker

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placed the issue of birth control at the heart of the new feminism distributed birth control information through the mail The Woman Rebel (newsletter) Family Limitations (pamphlet) Censored by U.S Post Office (1914) Way of preventing women from slipping into poverty.

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Margaret Sanger

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One of the most controversial women during the 1900s

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Margaret Sanger

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Opens first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, 1916 Planned parenthood, 1942

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Margaret Sanger

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lectured on sexual freedom and access to birth control.

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Emma Goldman

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Founded Hull House in Chicago.Organized women reformers spoke for the more democratic side of Progressivism, female freedom. The new woman was college educated, middle class, and devoted to providing social services. Settlement houses produced many female reformers.

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Jane Addams

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The campaign became a mass movement. By 1900, over half the states allowed women to vote in local elections dealing with school issues.

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Woman Suffrage

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1901-1914 there were 13 million immigrants

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Mass immigration

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Went to Ellis island in New York American cities

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Eastern and Southern Europeans

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Went to Angel island in San Francisco Western large scale agriculture California fruit fields Immigrants that didn't wind up in factories in New York were found in Wisconsin in dairy farms.

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Japanese and Mexicans

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Male and female reformers (moderate) Favored government intervention Progressives could reject the traditional assumption that powerful government posed a threat to freedom because their understanding of freedom was itself in flux. John Dewey

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Progressives

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Drawing on the reform programs of the Gilded Age and the example of European legislation, Progressives sought to reinvigorate the idea of an activist, socially conscious government.

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Progressives

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Wanted: Better safety conditions for workers"no industrial accidents" "Minimum safety and health standards" eight hour work days Wanted a life outside of work Child labor laws Minimum wage Company life insurance Retirement insurance Workman's compensation Unemployment insurance

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Progressives

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Bohemians, socialists and feminists Experimental, revolutionary, "ahead of their time" Bohemians in Greenwhich Village, NYC Reject traditions of nineteenth century Want to create something new

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Radicals

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club where the men and women would meet to talk about new society and the ideas they wanted to reject, such as women voting, working, etc

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Heterodoxy club

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Blacks signed this. Enforced them to stay on the land that they worked on.

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Labor contract

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Who was President in time of the Black Codes

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Henry Johnson

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This president came after Henry Johnson, and enforced southern states to pass some kind of black code restricting blacks from voting.

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Abraham Lincoln

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Treated his workers fairly so they wouldn't have to form a union. He infringed on their rights and hated unions.

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Henry Ford

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Where immigrants could go to reform

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Hull House

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