History 121

-Property requirements for voting were eliminated -90% of adult white males could vote -Women and AA still couldn't vote -Citizen became synonym for the right to vote -Reduction in the price of printing cost led to more newspapers

Strengthen: U.S. Bank (local banks promoted economic growth), tariffs, and federal financing for better roads and canals Crisis: Panic of 1819 caused an economic bubble burst (caused distrust towards the bank), McCulloch v Maryland could not tax banks

-Nationalism wanted to expand the country within the borders -Sectionalism wanted to expand the country outside the borders -Monroe Doctrine said that Europe could not intervene with the new Latin American countries -John Quincy Adam had a strong sense of nationalism. He was very ambitious and thought liberty equaled power

-Spoils system -Commitment to state rights -The battle to uphold supremacy of federal law over state law

-Led by Nicolas Biddle (head of bank) wanted to renew national bank -Increased wages, prices, and increased the value of the dollar -Ended quickly causing a massive decline in the value of money -Bank symbolized hopes and fears -Jackson vetoed to renew the national bank -Jackson took federal money out of national banks and put them in local banks

Social: -Caused discrimination towards A.A. -Planter Class felt slaves= profit. Led to wealth, status, and influence being important -Slave owners wanted to look like they were kind to their slaves Economic: -Slavery provided cheap labor allowing plantations to mass produce -Cotton replaced sugar this led to the need for strong slaves. The U.S. supplied 3/4 of the world's cotton supply and sent textiles to the North and Great Britain

-Slaves could not vote and were denied basic rights (a white person had to be present) -Could be sold or leased against their will -Slaves could not learn to read or write -Did not have the right to go to court (no legal voice) Had decent living conditions because they were meant to strengthen slavery not undermine it -Some laws protected slaves against mistreatment (this was up to owners)

Family: -Marriage was not recognized legally, but many married anyways -Named children after previous family members -all slaves were very close Gender: -Men could not protect wives from physical and sexual abuse -Gender Roles only existed in private time, but it in fields Religion: -Black preachers at nearly every plantation -Black Christianity was a strong concept -Established own churches Values: Religion Freedom and Family

-Silent Sabotage-break tools, act sick, do bad jobs -Runaway slaves (1000) escaped each year in the upper south -Underground railroad -Poison master -Set things on fire -armed assaults slaves revolts- not all successful -Nat Turner's Rebellion- attacked white farmers and killed 60 people, they were killed and it was not successful

-Shakers: felt men and women were equal, not private property, wanted a retreat from sinful society, first to market veggies and flower seeds, economically successful because they sold furniture -Temperance Movement: felt individuals needed to take control of their lives,stopped drinking alcohol, experience meetings -Owenites: most important secular community, wanted woman's right, and wanted to educate children -Utopian Communities: wanted a perfect society, narrow the gap between the rich and the poor -Goals: peace, temperance, woman's rights, and anti-slavery

-Colonization: ship slaves back to Africa. \"America is White\" -Militant: immediate. slaves= sins. integrate into society William Lloyd Garrison supported -Spreading the message through printed materials, helped spread idea and gain support

-There were black abolitionists such as Fredrick Douglas -There were black and white supporters -Against racial segregation thought citizenship should not be based off color -Pushed for free speech so they could voice their opinions -Very controversial, north feared movement and became violent

-Origins of feminism: women were in the public sphere -Demanded personal rights to regulate sex, procreation, and they wanted to be protected by law -Compared marriage to slavery: very critical of men -Seneca Falls: Declaration of Sentiments, basically the Declaration of Independence that included women (First time issue was raised on women's right) -70 years of suffrage -Grimke Sisters addressed issues such as slavery and women's rights in public. Women=Men -Maria Stewart first woman to lecture to public

-Texas Revolt:Revolution against Mexico that led to Texas' independence (caused settlers to move west) -The Election of 1844- issue of Texas annexation was linked to slavery -James Polk supported Texas annexation and initiated war with Mexico that led to the U.S. getting California -Mexican War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave the U.S. California, Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah for $15 million -Gold Rush: People from all over the world flocked to California -Manifest Destiny- our right to stretch from coast to coast

-No one knew if the new territories should enter as free or slave states -The Wilmot Proviso: Congressman proposed that all territories acquired from Mexico be free -Compromise of 1850: CA would enter as free, Slave trade banned in D.C., Runaway slaves could be reclaimed, Local inhabitants of the remaining territories would decide if they entered the Union as a free or slave state -Fugitive Slave Act: Special federal commissioners were to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without a jury or testimony (Led to many free blacks fleeing to Canada) -Free Soil Party wanted to limit southern power by having no slavery in the west

-Kansas Nebraska Act: divided the nations and caused the Whigs to collapse and the Republican party was formed to prevent the further spread of slavery -Republican party caused the northern economy to flourish with the completion of the market revolution and mass immigration from Europe -Free Labor Ideology: Republicans said slave power was a threat to liberty -Republicans were not abolitionists. Didn't want slavery abolished, they just didn't support it -Election of 1856 showed parties had reoriented along sectional lines

-Lincoln hated slavery but willing to compromise to save the Union -Lincoln's speeches combined abolition and conservative views to gain supporters -Lincoln and Douglas ran for Illinois Senate. Lincoln said Dred Scott was unconstitutional, opposed spread of slavery, added economic initiatives -Did not get Senate but won the Election of 1860

-Union stated to unravel under Buchanan said state can't leave, but no punishment if they do -The election of 1860, Lincoln becomes president: Deep south stuck to beliefs and would not budge. 7 states left -Civil War: major division -Confederate formed with Jefferson Davis as president

Technology: -Railroads transported troops and supplies -Superiority of ironclads over wooden ships (revolutionized naval warfare) -Telegraph was used for military communication -The use of hot air balloons to view enemy lines -Primitive hand grenades -submarines -rifles replaced muskets Americans were captured by the enemy and help in POW camps Propaganda was used to mobilize the public opinions

-Lincoln said originally slavery was irrelevant -Congress proposed idea that Union was not going to interfere with slavery -Idea of emancipation: Northern abolitionists saw this as necessary to weaken the south -Lincoln struggled to control this idea -Emancipation became necessary politically and for the military -Emancipation proclamation made the War about slavery, and was a turning point for Lincoln -Black troops could fight for the North, helped win

-Union's victory made the North think of freedom as a national norm -Increased use of the word \"nation\" -Congress adopted policy to encourage economic growth and change in financial system (Homestead Act) -New financial system paid for war. There were increased tariffs and new taxes (including income taxes)

-Jefferson Davis was unable to communicate with ordinary people -Over production of cotton led to prices dropping -Social change and internal issues took over the South -Economic problems during war (Yeoman farmers went into debt) -War put burden on Southern white women, not a lot of moral coming from the homes -People kept leaving the army -Shortage of men willing to fight so made the slaves fight

-Gettysburg: Lee went on northern soil, but was back by North -Vicksburg: Grant led to victory -Election of 1864 Freemont wanted toe constitutional amendment to end slavery and take leading confederates lands. Lincoln won.