hist test #1 – Flashcards

+ The first American crossed a Cand Bridge that connected eastern Siberia to modern-day Alaska. They were descendants of Asean Nomadec Hunters + Eastern Siberia pass throught/Beringza OR Bering Sea/ --> Alaska (was trapped in) + Nomadic hunters follow their food supply_plants and animals --->hunters and gatherers living in infield zones --->sedentary farmers living in one place domesticating plants and animals (DOG)

+ The Atlantic Ocean provide a barrier to disease (influenza, meales, small pox, etc...) that once them ran their course did not reapper and enable native Americans to develop natural immunity to them. + OLO WORLD _ EUROPE, ASIA & AFRICA + In physical isolation of the various bands may have protect them from the spread of contagious disease since Indian did not domesticate animal (pigs, cattle, chickens, and horses). They may have a vidided the microbes that carried virulent European and African diseases + Dislocations resultine from war and famine made Nat. American vulnerable to infectious disease

+ As the food supply increased, the Native American population expanded. More and larger villages were constructed that were governed by defined hierarchies of elders and kings. religious beliefs became ordered around elements of nature such as the sun, moon, rain, and the seasons. Work roles increasingly became separated by gender with men hunting, fishing, and preparing the fields for crops while women engaged in child rearing, planting, weeding, food preparation, and harvesting. + woman squash, corn, bean

a) Pacific Northwest: relied primarily upon salmon fishing b) Great Plains: hunted wild animals within set territorial boundaries c) Desert Southwest: farmed the land through use of irrigation because the very dry (arid) climate created a scarcity of animal life which limited hunting d) New England and Mid-Atlantic: relied upon hunting, fishing, and gathering due to their cold, harsh climate and relatively short growing season e) Southeast: were primarily agricultural, because the warm climate, long growing season, and rich, thick topsoil were conducive to farming f) Gulf Coast: lived like the fisher people of the Pacific Northwest because the sea offered a bountiful harvest of seafood.

relied primarily upon salmon fishing

hunted wild animals within set territorial boundaries

farmed the land through use of irrigation because the very dry (arid) climate created a scarcity of animal life which limited hunting

relied upon hunting, fishing, and gathering due to their cold, harsh climate and relatively short growing season

were primarily agricultural, because the warm climate, long growing season, and rich, thick topsoil were conducive to farming

lived like the fisher people of the Pacific Northwest because the sea offered a bountiful harvest of seafood.

the gifts of the new world (the Americans) consist of the fruits, vegetables, drugs, and unique products that we use today. the foods include maize, beans, potato, chilies and peppers, tomato, squashes, nuts, sunflower, manioc, avocado, sweet potato, chocolate, amaranth, and wild rice. The medicines/drugs include quinine, ipecac, curare, witch hazel, and coca. Other contributions include chewing gum, tobacco, rubber, dyes, and guana (bird droppings for fertilizer)

maize, beans, potato, chilies and peppers, tomato, squashes, nuts, sunflower, manioc, avocado, sweet potato, chocolate, amaranth, and wild rice

quinine, ipecac, curare, witch hazel, and coca

chewing gum, tobacco, rubber, dyes, and guana

+ The great civilizations of Mexico and South American include the Aztec in central Mexico, the Maya in the Yucatan Peninsular, and the Incas in the Andes Mountains. a) the Aztec culture was a very aggressive society, subjugating neighboring tribes and forcing the conquered peoples to pay tribute to their emperor. Aztec society was very rich and rigidly stratified into hereditary classes consisting of warriors, priests, merchants, and slaves. Their religious practices incorporated the use of human sacrifice to attain the hearts and blood of sacrificial victims to feed their gods. The Aztec ritual killings were connected to agricultural cycle, and the Indians believed the blood of their victims possessed extraordinary fertility powers. The capital city of the empire was constructed on a former island that was named Tenochtitlan. b) Mayan cities were large and contained pyramids and temples. the Maya were an educated people. They created the first system of hieroglyphic writing in North and South American, developed a system of complex mathematics, and studied astronomy. Mayan mathematicians discovered the number zero before European, and Mayan astronomers could calculate the beginings of eclipses and the seasons as accurately as Europeans. Mayan scholars developed a calendar that was the most accurate in the entire world at that time. their society was highly stratified into various classes of kings, priests, merchants, and slaves, but no warrior class (although they did engage in warfare). Their religious practices made use of blood sacrifice.

the Inca were considered to be wealthier than the Aztecs. Inca society, like that of the Aztecs, was militant. All young males were required to undergo military training, become warriors to protect the empire and Inca emperors who were believed to be gods. All wealth belonged o the ruler. While the chiefs and the warriors lived more comfortably than did most other people, Inca society took care of the less fortunate in their midst. They believed their government should take care of the elderly, poor, and ill. the Inca government operated a type of welfare system that enabled the physically handicapped, the mentally ill, and individuals suffering from chronic illness to have an adequate lifestyle.

+ Gold as ? + Silver as ?

Inca saw it as sweat of the Sun

Inca saw it as tear of the Moon

a) Pachacuti_launched the quest for empire in 1438 b) Tupa Inca_son of Pachacuti, pushed Inca rule into present-day Bolivia c) Huayna Capac, son of Tuna Inca, would not live to see the arrival of the Spaniards. He did expand the empire to present-day Ecuador and Columbia d) Atahualpa, son of Huayna Capac, was executed by the conquistador, Francisco Pizarro.

Chaco Canyon: this massive pueblo (thi tran) was the center of Anasazi culture, serving both political and religious functions. It is estimated that its complex structure may have housed as many as 15.000 people the Anasazic built an elaborate irrigation system to hydrate their crops, as well as a transportation network connecting Chaco Canyon by Road to 70 out lying villages.

The Adena and Hopewell peoples or "Mound Builders" lived in the Ohio river valley. Most of their diet came from agriculture. They grew tobacco for ceremonial functions. Their fascination with death led them to build elaborate burial sites such as the Great Serpent Mound in Ohio. in time this group gave way to the Temple Mound Builders (also known as Mississippian Peoples). They were an agricultural based culture and great traders. They constructed large cities including Cahokia in Illinois in which 75,000 people lived among 85 large temples.

Scholar suggest that changes inclimate and continuing population growth put too much pressure on food supplies. Chronic warfare destabilized the social order. Disease carried by European adventures ravaged (tan fa) the culture.

Osage_great plain Yaqui_northern mexico Yakima_Plateau Modoc_california Potawatomi_eastern woodlands

great plain

northern mexico

Plateau

california

eastern woodlands

upon their arrival to the northeast region of the Atlantic coast, seventeenth century English settlers encountered the "Algonquian-speaking peoples". they lived in the coastal region of present-day North Carolina to Maine, included in this large linguistic family were the "Powhatan" of Tidewater Virginia, the "Narragansett" of Rhode Island, and the "Abenaki" of northern New England. (Their Southeast neighbors, including the Creek, belonged to separate language group (Muskogean); the Indians of the eastern Great Lakes region and upper St. Lawrence Valley spoke Iroquoian dialects.)

Ethnocentric_one feels that his/her ethnic group is the center of the social universe and superior to other ethnic groups. + English writed to "civilize"(truyen ba) the native American through conversion to Christianism + English educated native American in keeping with where culture but nature American felt it was more important to be educated in survival skill + Europeans (French and Spanish) would marry native American woman and live with them among their people english did not + Enslavement of the native American was not successful since the native American would run away or die after exposure to European diseases.

+ English fenced(rao) off native American land, radically altering the ecosystems on which that native American were dependent (plant, life deer, and other animals were limited to native American culture) + Dependence on European goods made for more aggressive hunting of fur-bearing mamals by native American force against Europeans was limited because of the trade relationship involving guns and ammunition + Small Pox, meales influenceza and alcohol destroyed the cultural integrity of native American nation.

the major African empires were "Ghana, Mali, and Songhay" The reign (trieu dai) of Tenkamenin of Ghana in the 11th century saw the end of animism (spirit worship) and its replacement with Islam brought by Muslim invaders (ke xam luoc). As climatic conditions (drought_ha.n ha'n) brought about Ghana's economic decline, the civil strife caused by different religious beliefs made it vulnerable to conquerors of the 12th and 13th centuries. Mali, under the leadership of its Muslim-convert ruler, Mansa-Musa (1312-1337). did very well and did not experience a decline until the 15th century. It was brought about by attacks from the Songhay and the Mossi. Songhay became independent from Mali under the leadership of Sonni-Ali. Upon his death, a powerful general, Askia Mohammed ruled and placed great emphasis on education. He is responsible for the establishment of Timbuktu, a great center for learning in the 15th century. (Religious strife, wars, and geographic/climac changes made European invasion/slavery possible)

Slavery had existed for many centuries in West Africa. Some people were held in bondage as security for debts; sold into servitude by their kin for food in times of famine; still others were war captives. Although treated as property and exploited as agricultural laborers, slaves usually were considered members of the society that had enslaved them and sometimes were treated as kin. Most retained the right to marry, and their children were often free.

Portugeses Improvements in sailing technology (changes in shid design and adding lateen/triangular sails allowed the Portugese caravels to successfully navigate against the African coastal winds and currents made change in bull design.

Slaves were taken to Islands off the coast of west Africa madera (Portugese) the canaries (Spanish) to wrote the sucar plantations of these atlantic to expenment with techniques to be used in the Americas the netherlands (Dutch). Portugal (Portugese) Spanin (Spanish), great Britain (British)

It is the first major "ecological revolution" resulting from the transference of plants, animals, and disease between the Old and New Worlds during the 15th and 16th centuries.

+ Syphilis _ unique American disease, origin in West Africa + Measles, small pox, typhus, influenza, malaria, horse (Equine)

+ Kg can nho: the Reconquista was the re-conquering (reclaiming) of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) from Muslim invaders. Muslims conquered the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD and over the succeeding centuries built the most sophisticated and highly cultivated society in Europe. + must ghi nho: beginning in 1250 AD, Iberian Christian crusader knights from the North sought to reclaim Iberia in a struggle lasting 250 years. The final phase of the Reconquista began in 1469 AD with the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. This union of the two most powerful Spanish kingdoms provided the impetus for an offensive against the last Muslim stronghold, Granada. In 1492 AD this kingdom fell resulting for the first time in centuries the entire Iberian Peninsula united under Chriatian rulers. The Jews and Muslims were expelled from peninsula.

Conquistadores were men who wanted personal glory and material gain uncompromissing in matters of religion, and unswerving in their loyalty to the Crown (King/Queen) ready to use fire and sword in service to God and King and spread European culture to the most populated regions of the New World. gold, glory, gorpe

must nho: The likely cause of the epidemic - plague - was enzootic: that is, the microbe causing it survived within an animal host, in this case a large rodent called the tarbagan that lived on the high plateaus of central Asia. The microbe moved from the tarbagan to other animals (gray rats in particular) and to human beings through the bites of fleas. kg can nho: building trade routes along which rats, fleas, and microbes could travel together from host to host invited disaster. From China, European trading vessels brought the rats to ports from which the rats disembarked and spread the disease in overcrowded and unsanitary cities, towns, and villages. Europe lost 1/3 of its population in the 1360s and 1370s

kg can nho: after surviving the Bubonic Plague, Western Europe emerged from the Dark Ages. Several developments occurred that eventually played a role in European exploration of territory lying westward across the Atlantic including: + must nho: a) the opening of trade routes with Asia during the 14th century b) the development of a new economic system, capitalism that eventually replaced feudalism c) the growth of urban areas d) the rise of the modern nation state.

in addition to silks and jewels from Indian and China, spices were the most important part of the Euro-Asian trade relationship. During the Middle Ages, spices were literally worth their weight in gold. Wealthy Europeans believed spices were necessary for a comfortable life. must nho: Spices retarded (slowed) spoilage, relieved the bland taste of local foods, and hid the poor quality of meat before the development of refrigeration. kg can nho: Most of the spices like cinnamon, cloves, black pepper and nutmeg were found in Asia.

kg can nho: the formation of the nation states was critical to the beginning of European exploration. must nho: without a centralized government with the power to raise tremendous sums of money. Christopher Columbus and other early navigators could not have secured sufficient backing to undertake the long, expensive voyages across the ocean. The nation states and their rulers are: a) Spain-Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile b) Portugal-John I c) France-Louis XI, and d) England-Henry VII

Due to the colonial success of Spain and Portugal, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to prevent a potential war between the two kingdoms. To clarify the territorial claims of the two countries, the treaty established an imaginary line (Line of Demarcation) running north and south through the mid-Atlantic. Everything east of Longitude 46 30 including the chunk of South America that would become Braxzil, would belong to the Portugese, everything west, to the Spanish. *** picture 1 circle in which half Spain and half Portugal Brazil gold, glory, gospel Catholicism Dominicans and Franciscans 13_dominican friar (father) Bartolome' de Las Casaa

After the Spanish conquerors dominated the Aztecs and the Incas, the Spanish monrachs had to bring the conquistadores under control. The king solved the problem with the encomienda system. The king rewarded the military leaders with Indian villages that granted to colonizers a portion of Indian labor to be used to build colonial structures such as farms, buildings, and irrigation systems. The encomenderos (landlords) were to provide the people with legal protection and religious guidance. The system, of course, cruelly exploited Indian laborers.

Catholidusm 2 order + dominicans + franciscans Native American tortured and burned 13 at a time! Dominicans Friar (father) Bartolome' de las Casas spoke on their behalf.

The Spanish expressed great interest in the blending of Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans. Spanish colonial society existed as follows: a) Spaniards _ aslo known as Peninsulares and their children, the Creoles (Or criollos meaning Europeans born in the New World) b) Mestizo _ 1/2 Spanish and 1/2 Native American c) Mulatto _ 1/2 Spanish and 1/2 African (come from Mule: donkey + horse / black +white) d) Africans _ representing the various nations on the African continent e) Zambiago _ 1/2 African and 1/2 Native American f) Native Americans _ representing the various nation of the Indigenous people other example include: Castizo, Morisco, Chino, Salta atias, and Lobo *** Phenotype characteristics physical characteristics that are observed with natural eye, skin, hair, color, eyelip, noseshape, hair texture. Genotype characteristic physical characteristics encoded on the gens Taino 8 millions 1492; 1560--> 0

* Mestino_male 1/2 span 1/2 Nat Americans + Espanola_female --> Castizo _ 3/4 Span 1/4 Nat Americans * Castizo_ 3/4 Span 1/4 Nat Americans + Espanola_female --> Espanola * Mulatto_male 1/2 Span 1/2 African + Espanola --> Morisco_3/4 Span 1/4 African * Morisco_ 3/4 Span 1/4 African + Espanola --> Chino * Chino + Indian --> Salta Atias * Salta Atias_1/4 Span 1/2 Nat Americans 1/4 African + Mulatto_1/2 Span 1/2 African --> Lobo

+ Africans + Sacatra 7/8 black 1/8 white + Griffce 3/4 black 1/4 white + Mulatto 1/2 black 1/2 white + Quadroon (quad_4) 3/4 white 1/4 black + Octoroon (octo_8) 7/8 white 1/8 black --> Quadroon back/ball

Because Native American death rates hurt Spanish labor demands, Africans were imported to New Sapin in 1501. Slavery was an evil and brutal instituition in New Spain. The Slaves were literally worked to death. one source claimed 25 million Africans were sent to the Americas. In order to protect the slaves: a) Spanish law and Catholic authority forbade brutality (at least in theory) b) since the church wanted all souls to be saved (including slaves), slave marriage was recognized as sacrament (kept families together) c) under Spanish law, slaves could by their freedom.

+ Giovani da Verrazzano_find a short water route to China via a northwest passage Crownd or through North America + Jacques Cartier_he had some mission as Verazzano + Jamuel de Champlain_founder of Queber Pere + Jacques Marquette_explored the Mississippi River + Sieur de La Salle_explored the Mississippi River to the Gulf Mexico

+ Crown was in different to Canadian affairs Royal officials received sporadic and limited support from Paris + Rural peasant and urban artisans perceived the New World as cold and in hospitable. Men outnumbered women making it difficult to from families. + All exports and imports had to go through Quebec, making it easy for Crown officials to give business favors to friends (court favorites got fur business/ trade monopolies)

+ Not only European being changed by nationalism, but by a religious movement known as the Protestant Reformation. This movement shattered the unity of Europe under the Roman Catholic Church, divided kingdoms, sparked wars and unleashed an extraordinary flood of religious publications. + where did it begin and who was its leader? what were his reasons for leading this movement?

The reformation stated in Germany when, in 1517, a relatively obscure German monk, Martin Luther, publicly challenged the central tenets of Roman Catholicism. Within a few years, the religious unity of Europe was permanently shattered. The Reformation divided kingdoms, sparked bloody wars, and unleashed an extraordinary flood of religious publication. Luther's message was straightforward, one ordinary people could easily comprehend. God spoke through the Bible, Luther maintained, not through the pope or priests. Scripture taught that women and men were saved by faith alone. Pilgrimages, fasts, alms, indulgences-none of the traditional ritual observances could assure salvation. The institutional structure of Catholicism was challenged as Luther's radical ideas spread repidly across northern Germany and Scandinavia.

+ John Calvin, a layer turned theologian, who lived most of his adult life in the Swiss city of Geneva. Calvin stressed God's omnipotence over human affair. The Lord, he maintained, chose some persons for "election" the gift of salvation, while condemning others to eternal damnation. A man or woman could do nothing to alter this decision. + Common sense suggest that such a bleak doctrine-known as predestination. The uncertainty of their eternal state proved a powerful psychological spur, for as long as people did not know whether they were scheduled for heaven or hell, they worked diligently to demonstrate that they possessed at least the seeds of grace.

+ Queen Elizabeth demonstrated that Henry and his advisers had been mistaken about the capabilities of female rulers. She was a woman of such talent that modern biographers find little to critize in her decisions. She governed the English people from 1558 to 1603, an intellectually exciting period during which some of her subjects took the first halting steps towards colonizing the New World. + Elizabeth recognized her most urgent duty as queen was to end the religious turmoil that had divided the coountry for a generation. She had no desire to restore Catholicism. After all, the pope opently referred to her as a woman of illegitimate birth. Nor did she want to re-create the church exactly as it had been in the final years of her father's reign. Rather, Elizabeth established a unique institution, Catholic in much of its ceremony and government but clearly Protestant in doctrine. Under her so-called Elizabeth settlement, the queen assumed the title " Supreme Head of the Church" + The state of England's religion was not simply a domestic concern. Religion shaped political and economic activities. Protestant leaders, for example, purged the English calendar of the many saints' days that had punctuated the agricultural year in Catholic countries. The Reformation certainly had a profound impact on the economic development of Calvinist countries. + Indeed, it is helpful to view Protestantism and Catholicism as warring ideologies. + The confrontation between the two faiths affected Elizabeth's entire reign. Soon after she became queen, Pope Pius V excommunicated her, and in his papal bull Regnans in Exalsis (1570), he stripped Elizabeth of her "pretended title to the kingdom". Spain, the most fervently Catholic state in Europe, vowed to restore England to the "true" faith, and Catholic militants constantly plotted to overthrow the Tudor monarchy. + Religion, war and nationalism: slowly, but stadily, English Protestantism and English national identity merged. A loyal English subject in the late sixteenth century loved the queen, supported the Church of England, and hated Catholics, especially those who happened to live in Spain. Elizabeth herself came to symbolize this militant new chauvinism. Her subjects adored the Virgin Queen, and they applauded when her famed "Sea Dogs"-dashing figures such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins-seized Spanish treasure ships in American waters. The English sailor's raids were little more than piracy, but in this undeclared state of war, such instances of harassment passed for national victories. There seemed to be no reason patriotic Elizabeth should not share in the weath of the New World. With each engagement, each threat, each plot, English nationalism took deeper root.

+ practice on the IRISH English has embraced Protestantism (church of England Anglican church) + Before they crossed the Atlantic, however, English settlers moved to Ireland. It was on this island that enterprising Englishmen first learned to subdue a foreign population and to seize its lands. + English conquest of Ireland: as one might expect, colonization produced severe cultural strains. The English settlers, however humble their origins, felt superior to the Irish. After all, the English people had championed the Protestant religion. They had constructed a complex market economy and created a powerful nation-state. To the English settlers, the Irish appeared to be lazy, licentious, superstitious, even stupid. English settlers ridiculed unfamiliar local customs, and it is not surprising that even educated representatives of two cultures found communication almost impossible. + Such stubborn inefficiency-surely (the English reasoned) the Irish must have known better-became the standard English justification for the seizure of large tracts of land.

Due to wars in Europe, the settlers want without supplies from 1587-1590. It is presumed that the colonists may have fallen victim to natural disaster (three year drought) or unfriendly Indians. The English may have found refuge in a friendly Indian village.

James II angered English political leaders by revoking the charters of many English towns, rejecting the advice of Parliament, and arousing popular opposition by opently praticing Roman Catholicism. His son, born of his Spanish Catholic wife, set the stage for prospect of a Catholic heir to the throne. ***fai thuoc*****This possibility led to a quick and bloodless coup known as the Glorious Revolution, Backed by popular protests and the army, Protestant parliamentary leaders forced James II into exile and placed his Protestant daughter Mary from his first marriage and her Dutch husband. William of Orange on the throne.**more question

+ Queen Mary II and King William III agreed to rule as constitutional monarchs, accepting a Declaration of Rights that limited royal prerogatives and increased personal liberties and parliamentary powers. + The Crown was still a potent force in the life of the nation, but it would never again have a King or Queen attempt to rule without parliament.

A business organization in which scores of people could invest without fear of bankruptcy. A merchant or landowner could purchase a share of stock at a stated price and at the end of several years the investor could anticipate recovering the initial amount plus a portion of whatever profits the company had made.

In its early days, Jamestown functioned as an outpost in another alien environment. **nhooo** The early particpants were not settlers and included such ill-prepared men as gentleman-adventurers and their valets and footmen to serve them, goldsmiths and jewlers, a perfumer, a pipe maker, and a collection of ne'er-do-wells who served as soldiers under gentlemen-officers in dealings with the natives. Another problem was the site with its salt and freshwater mixture that could cause salt poisoning and was also a breaking ground for malaria, typhoid fever, and dysentery.

Men and women who entered into labor contracts with people who paid their passage to the colonies. The length of service depended on the age of the servant. The younger the servant, the longer they served. They were promised land after their term of service. Despite legal safeguards, master treated them as they pleased because they were property (legally viewed as property). Servants were sold, traded, or gambled away in games of chance.

Patriarchy is government or rule based on the Biblical principle of the Patriarch who was the father and ruler of the family. Under the system, women were governed by: a) Coverture_the practice of subordinating the legal identity of women to their husbands who were the undisputed heads of households b) femes sole_single adult women and widows were permitted to own and manage property and households for themselves. Women were beaten in this social atmosphere

According to the historian, John Hope Franklin, "the twenty Africans who were put ashore at Jamestown in 1619 by the captain of a Dutch frigate were not slaves in a legal sense. These newcomers who happened to be Black were simply more indentured servants. They were listed as servants in the census counts of 1623, 1624, and as late as 1651. Some Blacks whose period of service had expired were being assigned land in much the same way that it was being assigned to whites who had completed their indenture. During its first fifty years of existence, Virginia had many Black indentured servants, and the records reveal an increasing number of free Negroes"

English common law acknowledged indentured servitude but not chattel slavery-the ownership of one human being by another. If planters wanted legalized slavery, they would have to create it. Statutes permitting chattel slavery were enacted in the West Indies and South Carolina. Beginning in the 1660s, legislatures in the Chesapeake colonies enacted laws that lowered the status of Africans. The English-born elite grew more conscious of race as the numbers of Africans increased. Being Black was becoming a mark of inferior status, and being a slave was becoming a permanent and hereditary condition.

Slavery expanded not because it was necessary (there were white families and English indentured servants to do work), but because it was profitable. After Bacon's Rebellion of 1675-1676, planters imported thousands of Africans because the growing slave trade made them less expensive than the scarce and more costly indentured servants and because slaves had few legal rights and could be disciplined more strictly. A law of 1692 prohibiting sexual intercourse between the English and Africans was intended to separate white and Black workers and create a racially divided society. Finally, in 1705, a Virginia statute explicitly all resident Africans as slaves. The Chesapeake elite had chosen to create a society based on the exploitation of enslaved Black Laborers