HIST 1301-043 – Flashcards

a Presbyterian minister, American Temperance Society co-founder and leader, and the father of 13 children

They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. There were four things they believed that women should be: 1. More religious than men 2. Pure in heart, mind, and body 3. Submissive to their husbands 4. Staying at home

known as the Shakers, is a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded in the 18th century in England.

The American Colonization Society, founded in 1816 to assist free black people in emigrating to Africa, was the brainchild of the Reverend Robert Finley, a Presbyterian minister from Basking Ridge, New Jersey.

The most radical figure among the largely white Garrisonians was David Walker, a free black man who owned a used clothing store in Boston. In 1829, he published his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, a pamphlet that denounced the hypocrisy of Christians in the South for defending slavery and urged slaves to revolt against the planters. "The whites want slaves, and want us for their slaves," Walker warned, "but some of them will curse the day they ever saw us." Copies of Walker's Appeal were secretly carried to the South by black sailors, but whites in major cities seized the "vile" pamphlet. In 1830, the state of Mississippi outlawed efforts to "print, write, circulate, or put forth... any book, paper, magazine, pamphlet, handbill or circular" intended to arouse the "colored population" by "exciting riots and rebellion."

Both women and men belonging to evangelical societies fanned out across America to organize Sunday schools, spread the gospel, and distribute Bibles to the children of the working poor. Other reformers tackled issues such as awful conditions in prisons and workplaces, care of the disabled, temperance (reducing the consumption of alcoholic beverages), women's rights, and the abolition of slavery.

came from Massachusetts, he was a state legislator and attorney,who led the drive for statewide, tax-supported public school systems open to every child. He sponsored the creation of a state board of education, then served as its leader. Universal access to education, Mann argued, "was the great equalizer of the conditions of men—the balance-wheel of the social machinery." Mann went on to promote the first state-supported "normal school" for the training of teachers, a state association of teachers, and a minimum school year of six months. He saw the public school system as a way not only to ensure that everyone had a basic level of knowledge and skills but also to reinforce values such as hard work and clean living. "If we do not prepare children to become good citizens, if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge," Mann warned, "then our republic must go down to destruction." Such a holistic education, Mann argued, would enhance social stability and equal opportunity, as well as give women opportunities for rewarding work outside the home. Mann said they could become "mothers away from home" for the children they taught.

?A white Massachusetts activist named William Lloyd Garrison drove the movement. In 1831, free blacks helped convince Garrison to launch an anti-slavery newspaper, the Liberator, which became the voice of the nation's first civil rights movement. Two wealthy New York City evangelical merchants, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, provided financial support for Garrison and the Liberator.

The temperance was a crusade which was the most widespread of the reform movements, in large part because many people argued that most social problems were rooted in alcohol abuse.

Noyes announced a new doctrine, "complex marriage," which meant that every man in the community was married to every woman, and vice versa. "In a holy community," he claimed, "there is no more reason why sexual intercourse should be restrained by law, than why eating and drinking should be." Authorities thought otherwise, and Noyes was charged with adultery for practicing his theology of "free love." (He coined the term.) He fled to New York and in 1848 established the Oneida Community, which had more than 200 members by 1851 and became famous for its production of fine silverware.

Was the most important figure in boosting awareness of the plight of the mentally ill. She was a pious Boston schoolteacher, she was asked to instruct a Sunday-school class at the East Cambridge House of Correction in 1841. There she found a roomful of insane people who had been completely neglected. The scene so disturbed Dix that she began a two-year investigation of jails and almshouses in Massachusetts. In a report to the state legislature in 1843, she revealed that insane people were confined "in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience." She won the support of leading reformers and proceeded to carry her campaign on behalf of "the miserable, the desolate, and the outcast" throughout the country and abroad. In the process, she helped to transform social attitudes toward mental illness.

?Plans for ideal communities had long been an American passion, and more than 100 Utopian communities sprang up between 1800 and 1900. Many of them were communitarian experiments that emphasized the welfare of the entire community rather than individual freedom. Some experimented with "free love," socialism, and special diets.

In 1833, they joined with Garrison and a group of Quaker reformers, free blacks, and evangelicals to organize the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS). students. The American Anti-Slavery Society, financed by the Tappans, created a national network of newspapers, offices, and 300 chapters, almost all of which were affiliated with a local Christian church. By 1840, some 160,000 people belonged to the AASS, which stressed that "slaveholding is a heinous crime in the sight of God, and that the duty, safety, and best interests of all concerned, require its immediate abandonment." The AASS even argued that blacks should have full social and civil rights.

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Was a Whig. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated. Died in 1850

United States politician and orator (1782-1817), Leader of the Whig Party, originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency

Created in 1849, grew into the largest and most important federal department other than the Post Office. comprised more than 20 agencies, including the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the US Geological Survey and the Bureau of Territorial and International Affairs

Land battle of the Mexican-American War fought on 23 February, 1847. The numerically disadvantaged invading U.S. army, using heavy artillery, successfully repulsed the Mexican attack on their position.

A colonel that led soldiers to Santa Fé and captured it with ease. He then led soldiers to the capture of southern California. Battle of Buena Vista.

The Wilmot Proviso was issued on August 8th, 1846 by Pennsylvania Democratic Congressman David Wilmot. It prohibited the expansion of slavery into any territory acquired by the United States from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War settlement.

Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.

Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent events involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery concepts. It took place between 1854 and 1861 in the Kansas Territory.

A civilian steamship hired by the United States government to transport military supplies and reinforcements to the garrison of Fort Sumter, but was fired on by Confederates in its effort to do so at the dawning of the American Civil War.

This one was first submitted by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky. This plan was a proposal to reestablish the Missouri Compromise line and extend it westward to the Pacific coast. Slavery would be prohibited north or the line and permitted south of the line.

Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition. Intensified sectional conflict.

Created by Stephen Douglas, the bill created two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, and declared that the Missouri Compromise was inoperative and void. Sack of Lawrence. 800 pro-slavery men marched into Lawrence to arrest the leaders of the antislavery government.

The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

Caused by the inflation of California gold, overproduction of grain, and the over-speculation of railroads (failures of banks and businesses).

An American politician from Georgia. He was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883.

The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, this would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.

AKA The American Party; major political force from 1854-1855; their objective: to extend period of naturalization, undercut immigrant voting strengths.

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory.

July 1863, north, just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. The riot lynched several African Americans and burned down black homes, businesses, and even an orphanage.

Lee forced to totally surrender at this court house in 1865; Union treated enemy with respect and allowed Lee's men to return home to their families with their horses.

Plan for civil war proposed by general-in-chief Winfield Scott, which emphasized the blockade of Southernp ports and called for an advance down the Mississippi River the cut the South in two, the plan would suffocate the South.

Slaves captured were commonly referred to as Contraband of War.

This made states and towns entice volunteers with cash bounties and, eventually, sign up nearly a million men. In the North, as in the South, wealthy men could avoid military service by providing a substitute or paying a $300 commutation fee.

An Act passed by the Confederacy in 1862 that drafted men into PACS.

There were four slave states that stayed in the Union because of the assurances that the war was being fought to preserve the Union rather than end slavery. These four border states were Missouri, Delaware, Kentucky, and Maryland.

General Grant led the Union forces in the Battle of Vicksburg. He defeated two Confederate armies and destroyed the city, this was across the river near Vicksburg, Mississippi. Five days later they had complete control of the Mississippi.

Battle in Maryland that ended Lee's first invasion of the North. Known for being the bloodiest day in the war, and led to the Emancipation Proclamation.

Was the nickname given to Grand after Cold Harbor. This was an undeserved name, as Lee was the general with the highest casualty rate.