HIST 108: Early Medieval History – Flashcards
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Main contours of Roman life in late antiquity
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1. Urban-based civilization: civilitas as an ideal 2: Symbolic importance of Rome as a city 3: Appeal of Romanitas to provincial elites 4: the emperor as ruler and 'glue' of the Empire 5: Joined-up world 6: apparatus of state power 7: taxation buys a large military apparatus
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civilitas
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"Civilization-ness". The ideal of being civilized vs. barbaric.
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annona
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regular food shipments to population
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Romanitas
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"Roman-ness" the culture of being Roman
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Trier
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German town- Porta Nigra Roman-era gatehouse located here
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Limes
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System of forts along Roman frontier borders
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Constantinople
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Capitol of the Eastern Roman Empire
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Fishbourne
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Town in southern England. Roman-style villa located here, represents local elite's desire to appear Roman.
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Silchester
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Town in England, Roman town near here (Calleva Atrebatum)
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Anicii
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Possibly the richest family of all time (Roman elites)
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Edict of Milan
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313- Toleration of all religions (esp. Christianity)
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Nero
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Roman Emperor (duh), persecuted Christians in the 60s AD
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Diocletian
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Roman Emperor, persecuted Christians in the early 300s AD
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Mithras
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Roman cult deity- similarities to Christianity. Popular in military, so Christianity piggybacked off of it and spread through the empire.
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Maxentius
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Rival of Constantine. Defeated at Milvian Bridge
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Milvian Bridge
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312- Battle between Constantine vs. Maxentius for control of Rome. Constantine attributes victory to divine intervention by Christian God, converts.
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labarum
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Military standard bearing the "Chi-Rho" (early Christian symbol, first two letters of "Christ" in Greek. Constantine attributed his victory at Milvian Bridge to these banners.
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Nicaea
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Anatolian town, home of the Nicene Creed
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Nicene Creed
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Early Byzantine Christian declaration of faith
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Hypatia
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Egyptian intellectual, scientist, philosopher from Alexandria. She was murdered by mob of Christians for being a pagan.
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Theodosius I
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392- bans paganism in the the Empire
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Alexandria
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Previously major center of learning and intellectualism (library of Alexandria). Major conflict between Christians/Jews/Pagans. Murder of Hypatia.
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paganus
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"villager" refers to common provincial people. "Pagan" derived from this.
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Labarum motif (image)
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The Chi-Rho
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Ethnogenesis
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People are processes, not fixed things. The Visigoths and the Saxons didn't "come from" anywhere, they developed as they moved.
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Edward Gibbon
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18th century English historian. Wrote "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"
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Romaioi
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"Romans" - Byzantines referred to themselves as a continuation of the Roman empire, not a separate empire.
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Constantine XI Palaeologus
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Last Byzantine/Roman emperor. d.1453
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Arminius
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Germanic chieftain, former Roman officer. Defeated three Roman legions in battle.
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Tacitus
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Roman historian. Wrote "Germania"
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Germania
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Written by Tacitus, describes the noble savages of Germany. Not particularly accurate, but.
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Childeric's Ring (image)
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THIS BITCH: : It's fine I don't really need to study it cuz it says "Childeric" on it lolll
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Merovingians
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Frankish dynasty
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Childeric I
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Founder of the Merovingian dynasty. Famous burial, grave goods, ring. Father of Clovis I.
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Clovis I
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Son of Childeric I. United all Frankish people. Famously converted to Christianity.
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Tournai
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Town in Belgium. Burial of Childeric, birthplace of Clovis.
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episcopus
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Bishop that governs a diocese
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see
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Area of a bishop's jurisdiction
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diocese
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Territorial unit of administration in the Church.
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duces
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Saxon chiefs "leaders"
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leudes
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Saxon warriors "followers". Loyalty is bought, not inherent.
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Fredegund
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First wife of Childeric. Ordered tons of assassinations, probably personally strangled Childeric's second wife to death, possibly assassinated Childeric himself.
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Brunhildis
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Wife of Childeric's son Merovech. Sister of Childeric's second wife that Fredegund killed.
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reges criniti
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"Long-haired kings"- Merovingians
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Gregory of Tours
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Medieval historian. Wrote "History of the Franks"
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Bede
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English historian. Wrote "Ecclesiastical History of the English People"
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Wearmouth/Jarrow
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Towns near the Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, where Bede served.
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Northumbria
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Most northerly of the English kingdoms. Suffered from Viking raids and was eventually taken over by Vikings.
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Sutton Hoo
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Major Saxon burial site. Possibly the resting place of Raedwald.
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Deben
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A river in Suffolk? Um..?
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Rendlesham
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Anglo-Saxon palace near Sutton Hoo.
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Raedwald
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King of East Anglia. Probably buried at Sutton Hoo.
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monos
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"solitary"- monastery, monk
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eremos
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"desert"- arid
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ascesis
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severe self-discipline; asceticism- abstinence from worldly pleasure
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koinos
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"common"- coenobium (monastery)
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laura
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"loose assemblage along a path"
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Athanasius
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Bishop of Alexandria. Big problems with Arianism.
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Pachomius
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Hermit monk. Established monastery at Tabennisi.
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Tabennisi
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Desert monastery in Egypt. Established by Pachomius.
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St. Simeon Stylite
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This boi sat on a pillar for 37 years cuz "aesthetic". Well, ascetic, actually.
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Hajj
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Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca.
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virtus
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"valor" "courage"
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Holy Sepulchre
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Important church in Jerusalem.
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Bordeaux Pilgrimage
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Pilgrimage from Bordeaux, France to Jerusalem.
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Egeria
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380s, wrote an account of her pilgrimage to the Holy Land.
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St. Helena (image)
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Found the True Cross, supposedly. Featured in Italian manuscript that Quizlet won't let me upload.
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Sulpicious Severus
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Christian writer, historian (Benedictine era)
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Nursia
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Benedict's hometown
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Ostrogoths
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Germanic kingdom
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Justinian
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Byzantine Emperor. Really keen on retaking Rome.
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gyrovagi
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wandering monks
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Hagia Sophia
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Byzantine Christian mega-church.
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Christological debates
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Wait, what the **** is a Jesus? Is this boy divine? Is he just a prophet? What's our entire religion's foundation based on again? I can't figure it out.
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Heraclius
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Byzantine Emperor. Made Greek the official language. Defeated Sassanids..
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Khusro II
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Last king of the Sassanid Empire. Defeated by Heraclius.
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Sassanid Empire
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Persian Empire. Rival of Byzantines.
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Ctesiphon
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Capitol of the Sassanids.
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Mohammed
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Founder of Islam. duh.
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Mecca
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Islamic holy city. Hajj destination.
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Quraysh
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Mohammed's tribe.
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Qu'ran
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Islamic holy book
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Medina
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Islamic holy city
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caliph
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chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad
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Zoroastrianism
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Persian religion. Emphasis on dualism, good vs. evil.
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Francia
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Germanic kingdom of the Franks, predecessor to France.
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Arianism
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Christian school of thought that sees Christ as distinct from God the Father. He is not God, only the son of God.
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Arnulfings
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Also known as Pippinids, dynasty of de facto Frankish rulers (Merovingians held "king" title, but Arnulfings held the real control). Ended with Charles Martel, who formed the Carolingians.
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Charles Martel
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THE HAMMER. Defeated Muslim army at Battle of Tours, formed Carolingian dynasty. Grandfather of Charlemagne.
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Pippin the Short
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Son of Charles Martel, father of Charlemagne.
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Poitiers
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French town near where the Battle of Tours was fought.
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Carolingians
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Frankish dynasty that succeeded Merovingians. Founded by Charles Martel.
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Charlemagne
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Grandson of Charles Martel. Most powerful Carolingian ruler. Expanded empire massively, defeated Lombards, Avars, more.
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Marchfield
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Annual meeting to decide where the Carolingian war machine should go destroy.
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Pavia
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Lombard capitol
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Desiderius
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King of the Lombards
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Irminsul
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Sacred pillar in Germanic Saxon paganism.
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Avars
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Wealthy Caucasus kingdom. Charlemagne broke through the "Avar Ring" of fortifications and plundered massive amounts of gold.
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Carolingian Soldiers in the St. Gallen Golden Psalter (image)
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http://manuscriptminiatures.com/media/manuscriptminiatures.com/original/1076-4.jpg
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nimbus
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Halo around head featured in Byzantine art. Signifies holiness.
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chlamys
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Fancy cape/robe. Worn by elites, emperors.
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Theodora
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Wife of Justinian
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Donation of Constantine
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Forged decree in which Constantine supposedly transferred power of the Western Roman Empire to the Pope. Although fake, the lie was believed by many in the 4th century and beyond. Gave church legitimacy, additional power.
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missi dominici
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Local imperial Frankish supervisors
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capitulary
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Royal ordinance
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Aachen
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Charlemagne's capitol
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Suetonius
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Roman historian
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Einhard
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Frankish scholar. Wrote "Life of Charlemagne"
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Annals of Fulda
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Tales about the lives of common people
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Fraxinet
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Muslim fortress in southern France
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Magyars
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Eastern European nomadic raiders
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Lechfeld
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955- Otto I defeats Magyars
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Harald Bluetooth
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Danish king. Commissioned Jelling stones be carved. Modern-day Bluetooth technology is named after him (Bluetooth symbol is H + B runes combined)
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Lindisfarne
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Christian monastery raided by Vikings in 793. One of the earliest Viking raids in England.
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Rus
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Norse people that migrated to Eastern Europe
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Kiev
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Capitol of Rus people
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Encomium Emmae
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11th-century Latin encomium in honor of Queen Emma of Normandy.
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Vinland
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"Vineland" Americas, probably somewhere in Newfoundland.
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L'Anse aux Meadows (image)
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Viking site in Newfoundland
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Skraelings
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Viking name for Native Americans
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Erik the Red
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Norse explorer, founded Greenland settlement.
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Leif Erikson
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Norse explorer, discovered North America
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Gudrid and her son Snorri (image)
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/GudridAndSnorri.jpg
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Coronation of Charlemagne
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Christmas Day, 800
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Annals of Xanten
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Manuscript from Xanten Abbey on the Rhine
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Odo
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Count of Paris, defended against invading Viking force in 885. Siege of Paris ended when Charles the Fat's army broke Viking line.
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Treaty of Verdun
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843: Divided Carolingian Empire into three parts following death of Louis the Pious. Lothar I (middle), Louis the German (east), and Charles the Bald (west).
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Battle of Fontenoy
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841: Major victory for Charles and Louis against Lothar in Carolingian Civil War.
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Strasbourg Oaths
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Mutual pledges of allegiance between Louis the German and Charles the Bald.
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Nithard
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Frankish historian
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Louis the Pious (image)
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Ludwik_I_Pobo%C5%BCny.jpg
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Alcuin of York
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8th century English scholar
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Caroline minuscule
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Font that was easier to read than previous, shittier, scripts.
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Bernard of Septimania
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9th century Frankish duke
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Visigoths
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Germanic kingdom
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Wessex
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English kingdom. Under Alfred the Great, was the last and only English kingdom to withstand the Viking invasions of the 9th century.
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burhs
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System of fortified towns established by Alfred the Great to withstand invasions and quickly muster armies.
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Guthrum
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Danish leader during Viking invasions of Britain in the 9th century. Converted to Christianity after defeat to Alfred.
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Danelaw
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Area of Britain ruled by the Danes in the 9th century.
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aestel
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Decorative tip to a pointer (as would be used by a teacher). Many commissioned by Alfred the Great.
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Benedict of Aniane
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The "Second Benedict". Reformed Benedictine Rule, served under Louis the Pious.
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Cluny (image)
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French Abbey, founded by William I of Aquitane.
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William I of Aquitane
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Founded Cluny Abbey
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Uzerche (image)
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Abbatiale_St_Pierre_Uzerche.JPG
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A Liber Vitae (image)
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Name roster of visitors to the church
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Berno
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First abbot of Cluny
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Conques (image)
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French home of St. Faith
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Cançó de Santa Fe
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Poem about St. Faith. Earliest known poem in the Old Occitan catalan language.
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furtum sacrum
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"Holy theft" stealing relics is OK if the previous owners weren't worthy.
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Ungari
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German name for the Magyars. Evolves into "Hungary" we know today.
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stem duchy
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Local states within the post-Carolingian German kingdoms that retained pre-Carolingian tribal identities.
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Vajk (Stephen I)
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Pagan Hungarian leader, converted to Christianity and became first King of Hungary.
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fisc
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public treasury of Rome
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Widukind
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Saxon leader. Rival of Charlemagne during Saxon Wars. 8th century.
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Henry the Fowler
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Established Ottonian dynasty in East Francia.
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Quedlinburg (image)
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http://www.wyndhamgardenquedlinburg.com/wyndham/garden-quedlinburg/reisetipps/quedlinburg-schloss.jpg
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Berengar I
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Last Italian Holy Roman Emperor before Otto the Great.
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Liudprand of Cremona
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Wrote "Relatio de Legatione Constantinopolitana" about his emissary position to the Byzantines (on behalf of the Ottonian Holy Roman Empire). Very colorful in his hostile depictions of the Byzantines.
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Nicephoras Phocas
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10th century Byzantine Emperor, received Liudprand, was insulted by his constant assholery. Failed to find a wife for Otto II.
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Theophanu
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Granddaughter of Emperor John I Tzimiskes (who succeeded Nicephoras Phocas and married his wife, who might have poisoned him, oh shit). Married Otto III, secured some peace between Ottonians and Byzantines.
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Gerbert of Aurillac (Pope Sylvester II)
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Close ties with the Ottonians. Taught Otto II, III.
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Sclavini
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Slavic raiders that attacked Byzantine Empire.
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Thietmar of Merseburg
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Historian, chronicled histories of German Kings, Holy Roman Emperors.
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Charles the Bald (image)
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carlo_calvo.jpg/220px-Carlo_calvo.jpg
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Annals of Saint-Bertin
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9th century Frankish annals, detail Scandinavian raids, the Rus.
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castellan
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Governor of a castle
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bannum
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rights of justice, minting, control of local levies, tolls, use of forced labor
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Peyrusse-le-Roc (image)
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http://www.france-voyage.com/visuals/photos/peyrusse-roc-24669_w600.jpg
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Lothar, penultimate Carolingian king of France (image)
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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lothaire-Face.jpg/220px-Lothaire-Face.jpg
