HIST 102 Mid Term – Flashcards

Which man’s ideas influenced the constitutional compromise accepted by William and Mary in the 1690s?

In 1713, whose empire included territories in Florida, Mexico, California, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and part of
Hispaniola?

According to mercantilist theory, what was the main benefit that colonies brought to the mother country?

What was the outcome of the Seven Years’ War?

From which source did Peter the Great believe that Russia’s strength would come?

Which country, alone among the major powers of Europe during the seventeenth century, managed to combine a
quasi-republican form of government and a small geographical base with great commercial power, political
resilience, and artistic genius?

Which country was the third largest in Europe at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and by the end of the
century was completely dissolved?

After 1600, who replaced the Portuguese as Europe’s main carrier of goods to the Far East?

Süleyman the Magnificent was the last distinguished ruler of which country?

How was social and economic life in early modern Europe organized?

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, how did governments across Europe change?

To which factor(s) was the disappearance of Poland during the eighteenth century chiefly attributable?

Why did absolutism succeed in Prussia in the eighteenth century?

In which eighteenth-century European nation did the monarchy, the aristocracy, the landed gentry, and the urban elite form the most effective partnership?

What advances had the greatest impact on social structure in early modern Europe?

The increase of the population of Europe in the 1700s was chiefly a result of which factors?

Why was Russia able to take over Siberia with little competition from other European powers?

Which distinguished experimental scientist left money in his will for a series of lectures defending Christianity against its opponents?

The Royal Society for Promoting Natural Knowledge was established in which nation?

Copernicus argued the universe was heliocentric – what does this term mean?

In what way did René Descartes believe that scientific inquiry should begin?

Who discovered the circulation of the blood and the major function of the heart?

Who produced the first set of modern anatomical drawings available for students of medicine?

Which historical event motivated Thomas Hobbes to write Leviathan?

Which mathematician warned that science threatened spiritual values, saying “The God of the Christians is not
simply the author of geometrical truth”?

What did John Locke do that eventually brought him into the center of English political life?

What term was used by John Locke to describe the original, empty state of the human mind, waiting to be filled up with knowledge?

The pre-modern belief that all things in creation were linked in a hierarchical structure was known by which
name?

What did the experimental scientist Robert Boyle feel was the most powerful way to counter what he saw as a
growing lack of respect for religion?

Although much of the early work of the Scientific Revolution was more speculative than practical, what was one area that was enhanced by a more rational and scientific approach?

Why was Newton’s law of universal gravitation a compelling explanation of the heliocentric theory?

In what way did Descartes feel that the universe was analogous to a machine?

When small farms were consolidated into larger operations, what was one major social benefit?

Why did John Locke, along with most scholars of medicine, hold the practice of dissection in disdain?

How did the practice of warfare affect the development of science?

What was Thomas Hobbes’s goal in his political writings?

How did the Scientific Revolution challenge traditional Christian beliefs?

During the Enlightenment, what was a salon?

Who wrote “Emile” and “The Social Contract” in 1762?

By whom was the term “Enlightenment” first coined?

Who authored The Wealth of Nations, a groundbreaking work of political economy?

Who edited the Encyclopedia, a distillation of science and Enlightenment ideas?

What is the hands-off approach to economic development called?

What writer criticized the constraints of society by declaring “Man is born free and everywhere is in chains”?

Who is credited with beginning the movement known as the Great Awakening?

During the eighteenth century, there was limited tolerance for religious minorities except in which countries?

Which thinker of the seventeenth century influenced Deists and Enlightenment thinkers by carrying forward the Reformation idea that sacred texts should be carefully subjected to reason and analysis?

The Physiocrats focused on what area of knowledge?

When David Hume claimed that reason could not demonstrate the existence of God, what was he accused of?

Who is most closely associated with the foundation of Methodism?

Which Prussian ruler had a stormy friendship with Voltaire?

How did Mary Wollstonecraft’s Enlightenment principles show in her proposed method for discrediting existing
theories on the inferiority of women?

What problem did Austria face to a greater extent than other eighteenth-century states?

What aspect of English society did Voltaire champion in contrast to French society?

According to Rousseau’s “The Social Contract,” for whose benefit should society operate?

How did Kant answer his own question, “What is Enlightenment”?

What was the common element shared by the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

What long-standing consensus about human nature did Locke challenge in his Essay Concerning Human
Understanding?

What was the importance of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense?

Which country gave large amounts of money, ships, and soldiers to help the Americans in their quest for
independence?

Prior to the French Revolution, what group carried most of the tax burden in France?

What in Napoleon’s background primed him for embracing the Revolution rather than defending the Old Regime?

What principle was the foundation of the Code Napoleon?

Which group gained the least under Napoleon?

In 1810, which was the only country able to remain a viable opponent to France under Napoleon?

What prompted the independence movement in Haiti?

What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

In what way did the American republic challenge European royalty and the titled aristocracy?

Which statement best summarizes Edmund Burke’s position on the French Revolution?

The French Revolution resulted in a society governed by which leading principles?

Why did Napoleon favor the presence of the Roman Catholic Church in France?

How were the American and French Revolutions “exported” to other countries?

How did French expansion in Europe make it difficult for Napoleon to control other lands and territories?

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the American and Haitian Revolutions?

Which of the following developments contributed most to the Industrial Revolution?

How did the Industrial Revolution transform population patterns?

The Industrial Revolution began in

The first stage of the Industrial Revolution came with new machinery and techniques in what industry?

Which of the following did Josiah Wedgwood make?

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Western Europe and not in China?

As a result of the agricultural revolution, how did ideas about the proper use and significance of land and land
usage?

What was the defining characteristic of the proletariat?

Which features of Manchester, England, were noted by Friedrich Engels?

Historians refer to an “Industrial Revolution.” How might people living through it have described it?

After the loss of its American colonies, what happened to Britain’s colonial empire?

What was one of the few early industrial innovations for which an American was responsible?

How did migration facilitate the growth of industry in Europe?

Charles Dickens became a best-selling nineteenth century author by writing novels that focused on which themes?

What problem did the nineteenth-century United States share with Germany and Italy that slowed industrial
development?

How were workers’ lives most changed by the shift from agricultural to industrial labor?

What conclusions about industrialization and industrial society would Charles Dickens and Edward Baines have
agreed on?

How did the members of the Congress of Vienna view the middle class?

Which of the following political philosophies held that tradition, hierarchy, and corporate relations produced
social order and political stability?

By which other term was the Vienna Settlement known?

Which was the only major European power that avoided revolution between 1815 and 1848?

Who were the English Chartists, and what did they believe?

Walter Scott’s novels show many Romantics’ fascination with which theme?

Who believed that the purpose of all formal institutions was to promote the greatest amount of happiness to the
most people?

Robert Owen was most concerned with improving the lives of which group of people?

Marx believed history and human consciousness were chiefly determined by which factors?

How did the Irish respond to the potato famine?

What did Britain’s ruling elite recognize once the Great Reform Bill was passed?

The Chartists’ hope was for a new political charter – what principles would this charter embody?

How did Romanticism help inspire the insurgents of 1848?

Jeremy Bentham and his followers were mainly concerned with achieving which goal?

How did early socialists tended to view the Romantic movement and Romantic ideals?

What was the final stage in the historical process according to Marxists?

What did the passage of the Great Reform Bill of 1832 in England demonstrate?

What did the passage of the Factory Act and successive laws in Britain show?

Why did Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo give economics the reputation of being “the dismal science”?