HIST 1001 FINAL-multiple choice – Flashcards

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The Romanesque Central Middle Ages took place from
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900 to 1100
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After the Carolingian collapse, what was the first great problem that Europe faced?
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how to redistribute power
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In the Central Middle Ages, power became local and often brutal in vast networks of
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vassalage
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What did the vassal commit himself to perform in return for the lord's protection and a benefice?
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military service
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Under what circumstances might a benefice become a traditional right that passed out of the king or lord's dispensation?
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once a benefice became an inheritance or family holding
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The ideology of vassalage glorified
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service and loyalty
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Among the strategies in the Ottonian system for managing the papacy was
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investing bishops and abbots with their offices
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After the end of the Carolingian line of kings in France, the new royal line was known as the
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Capetians
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According to the scheme of three orders, what was the proper role of the king?
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to equalize the orders and govern the parts of a harmonious whole
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The call for reform in western Christendom came first from the
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Cluniacs
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What was the central issue in the conflict that emerged between the papacy and the empire after the death of emperor Henry III?
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the election of popes
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Why did reformers oppose lay investiture?
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Lay investiture seemed to represent the secular control of spiritual life
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The Investiture Controversy pitted Pope Gregory VII against
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King Henry IV
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Of all the problems facing the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century, the greatest problem for the empire was the
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rise of the Seljuk Turks
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The religion of the Seljuk Turks was
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Islam
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At thea Byzantine army
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Battle of Manzikert in 1071 the army of the sultan Alp Arslan demolished
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The Byzantine Empire lost territory in southern Italy to the
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Normans
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William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, making William ruler of
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England
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What was the purpose of the Domesday Book?
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to provide William with a great accounting of the properties of his kingdom
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Pilgrimages to what destination became somewhat easier and safer in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries?
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the Holy Land
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Who gave an inflammatory speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095, calling for a crusade to liberate the Holy Land?
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Pope Urban II
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In Europe, popular movements at the time of the First Crusade also led to
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pogroms against Jews
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What was one of the main problems with all crusades?
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Too few crusaders wished to remain in the conquered lands
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What was discovered that inspired exhausted crusaders and led to the capture of Antioch in 1098 after a protracted siege?
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the holy lance Ginn
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Crusade was a vehicle promoted by the papacy for reinforcing
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European and papal identity
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To people of the High Middle Ages, their soaring Gothic cathedrals reflected
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??
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Who was the greatest systematic thinker of the Middle Ages?
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Thomas Aquinas
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Who was the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages?
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Innocent III
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Abelard's Sic et Non is an extraordinary example of what method of learning?
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a dialectical method that questioned received wisdom
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The Twelfth-Century Renaissance sought engagement with the world through
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dialectic
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Where did women in the twelfth century pursue scholarly learning?
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monasteries
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Among the basic elements of Gothic architecture are
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attached buttresses and pointed arches
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What was the end result Abbot Suger sought in creating his new architectural style?
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a taller, light-filled building
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Bernard of Clairvaux was the spiritual voice and guide of the
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Cistercian monastic movement
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How did the first crusaders and their successors survive in the Holy Land?
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through peaceful coexistence with the Muslim population
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What did Saladin accomplish in 1187?
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He retook the city of Jerusalem and overthrew the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
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What was the outcome of the Fourth Crusade?
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the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by western crusaders
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In the great growing season of the High Middle Ages, what region benefitted more than any other in Europe?
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France
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Most of the heresies that arose in the High Middle Ages were
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anti-papal and anti-clerical
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The strongest of the dissenting movements was associated with the
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Cathars
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Which order's goal was to bring about the end of heresy by identifying and enlightening wayward Christians?
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Dominicans
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At Runnymede in 1215, King John issued the Magna Carta, which
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delimited what the king could demand of his people and powerful lords
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Why did noble supporters of King Henry II of England assassinate Thomas Beckett?
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Beckett resisted royal interference in church affairs
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The encounter with the works of what scholar pushed higher education in the Middle Ages in a new direction?
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Aristotle
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What was the cultural parallel to crusade in the twelfth-century Latin west?
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translation centers
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Between 1175 and 1225, universities appeared in
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Salerno, Bologna, Paris, and Oxford
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The university at Bologna grew out of the need to make sense of
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Roman civil law
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The general term for the intellectual movement of university thinkers of the period between 1150 and 1350 is
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scholasticism
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Which thirteenth-century scholastic thinker was known as the "Dumb Ox"?
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Thomas Aquinas
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Why have scholars long seen a similarity between scholastic thought and Gothic architecture?
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Both were perfected syntheses and rational demonstrations of elevated truths
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About when did the Little Ice Age begin?
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1270
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About how many people died as a result of the famine that struck northern Europe between 1315 and 1322?
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four to five million people
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Among the causes of the Great Famine that struck northern Europe was
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poor weather
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Dramatic increase in the price of what led to riots during the Great Famine?
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grain
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What was the issue at the heart of the struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV?
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the wealth and control of the French church
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Why did critics label the period of the papal residence in Avignon the "Babylonian Captivity of the Church"?
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Critics used the label to censure the worldliness of the Avignon church
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What was the purpose of the Golden Bull of 1356?
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to straighten out the constitutional complexities of the empire
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The Golden Bull established that the right to elect an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire belonged to
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seven German prince-electors
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The greatest provocation that led to the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War most likely was
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Edward III's claim to the right to confiscate Gascony
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The deadly weapon that played a central role in the English victory at Crécy in 1346 was the
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longbow
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In essence, chivalry was a
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code of conduct espoused by chevaliers or knights
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The language of chivalry and courtly love was, for the most part,
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French
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The fourteenth-century plague was
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a pandemic
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The plague most likely reached Europe via
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merchant ships in the Mediterranean
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The cause of the plague was mostly likely
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Yersinia Pestis
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The immediate response of many to the plague was to
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live for today
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After the plague, the balance of power shifted from the countryside to the
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towns
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The response of various penitential groups to the plague was not so much anti-institutional as extra-institutional, meaning that they
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were still believers but sought to appease God outside the confines of institutional religion
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How did the Avignon period and the Western Schism make the Catholic Church a source of confusion to Christendom?
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They led people to no longer view the pope as the universal representative of God
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Why did conciliarism ultimately founder?
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It remained the pope's prerogative to call universal councils of the church
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Among the fundamental tenets of the late medieval Roman Catholic Church that English theorist John Wyclif rejected was
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the seven sacraments
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What was the significance of Joan of Arc's career?
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It speaks to the emergence of a deeply patriotic and royalist sentiment in France
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What did western monarchs strive to achieve in the mid-fifteenth century as they reformed their state bureaucracies?
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to centralize authority under their control
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The War of the Roses led to the foundation of what dynasty in England?
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Tudor
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The late medieval monarchs of France, England, and Spain headed toward new methods and goals of government by
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bureaucratizing their governments
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The progenitor of humanism was
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Francesco Petrarcha
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Why was the Italian Renaissance transitional?
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It was not quite modern, yet not entirely medieval either
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Why was the Italian Renaissance not revolutionary?
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It did not represent a dramatic shift in political, social, or cultural attitudes
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Renaissance humanism emphasized the study of what languages and literatures?
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Latin and Greek
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One of the reasons the Renaissance began in Italy was the
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the weakness of the papacy, which allowed Italian cities for a time to operate without much papal interference
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The one thing that distinguished Italy from the rest of Europe in the fourteenth century was the predominance of
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cities
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At the time of the Renaissance, the governments of most of the northern Italian states were
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communes
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The first pope to return the papacy permanently to Rome was
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Martin V
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What made Rome special among the cities of the Italian Renaissance?
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Its relationship with antiquity and with the Catholic Church and papacy
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What made Florence stand out during the fifteenth century?
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its vigorous mercantile activity and enormous wealth
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Florence's oligarchic government was led by a nine-member committee called the
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Signoria
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The Medici and Florence were at the forefront of the formative development of
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banking
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Why did Machiavelli's Prince shock contemporaries?
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Its political amorality was strikingly different from medieval political treatises
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Why was Venice's geographic location so important to its power and wealth?
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Venice's position on the northeastern edge of the peninsula gave it the ability to dominate Mediterranean and Adriatic trade
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The most important of the ancient texts identified during the Renaissance were the works of
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Plato
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The application of humanist thought to political and social problems is known as
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civic humanism
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How did the mastery of linear perspective change western European art during the Renaissance?
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It gave paintings a sense of depth
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The artist of the High Renaissance who painted the fresco cycle for the Sistine Chapel was
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Michelangelo
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The most popular artist of the High Renaissance was
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Raphael
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Why did the European Renaissance have a more overtly religious cast to it than did the Italian Renaissance?
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European humanists applied the critical spirit of humanism to the church and its doctrines
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The chief renaissance city in northern Europe was
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Bruges in Flanders
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A hallmark of European renaissance art was
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the juxtaposition of religious themes with individualized portraits
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Why did the development of a technology for the mass production of books have an enormous intellectual impact on Europe?
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The fixed nature of print made the post-Gutenberg world more intellectually exact
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Among the humanist church reformers of the sixteenth century were
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Erasmus, More, and Rabelais
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