question

The Romanesque Central Middle Ages took place from

answer

900 to 1100

question

After the Carolingian collapse, what was the first great problem that Europe faced?

answer

how to redistribute power

question

In the Central Middle Ages, power became local and often brutal in vast networks of

answer

vassalage

question

What did the vassal commit himself to perform in return for the lord's protection and a benefice?

answer

military service

question

Under what circumstances might a benefice become a traditional right that passed out of the king or lord's dispensation?

answer

once a benefice became an inheritance or family holding

question

The ideology of vassalage glorified

answer

service and loyalty

question

Among the strategies in the Ottonian system for managing the papacy was

answer

investing bishops and abbots with their offices

question

After the end of the Carolingian line of kings in France, the new royal line was known as the

answer

Capetians

question

According to the scheme of three orders, what was the proper role of the king?

answer

to equalize the orders and govern the parts of a harmonious whole

question

The call for reform in western Christendom came first from the

answer

Cluniacs

question

What was the central issue in the conflict that emerged between the papacy and the empire after the death of emperor Henry III?

answer

the election of popes

question

Why did reformers oppose lay investiture?

answer

Lay investiture seemed to represent the secular control of spiritual life

question

The Investiture Controversy pitted Pope Gregory VII against

answer

King Henry IV

question

Of all the problems facing the Byzantine Empire in the eleventh century, the greatest problem for the empire was the

answer

rise of the Seljuk Turks

question

The religion of the Seljuk Turks was

answer

Islam

question

At thea Byzantine army

answer

Battle of Manzikert in 1071 the army of the sultan Alp Arslan demolished

question

The Byzantine Empire lost territory in southern Italy to the

answer

Normans

question

William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, making William ruler of

answer

England

question

What was the purpose of the Domesday Book?

answer

to provide William with a great accounting of the properties of his kingdom

question

Pilgrimages to what destination became somewhat easier and safer in the late tenth and early eleventh centuries?

answer

the Holy Land

question

Who gave an inflammatory speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095, calling for a crusade to liberate the Holy Land?

answer

Pope Urban II

question

In Europe, popular movements at the time of the First Crusade also led to

answer

pogroms against Jews

question

What was one of the main problems with all crusades?

answer

Too few crusaders wished to remain in the conquered lands

question

What was discovered that inspired exhausted crusaders and led to the capture of Antioch in 1098 after a protracted siege?

answer

the holy lance Ginn

question

Crusade was a vehicle promoted by the papacy for reinforcing

answer

European and papal identity

question

To people of the High Middle Ages, their soaring Gothic cathedrals reflected

answer

??

question

Who was the greatest systematic thinker of the Middle Ages?

answer

Thomas Aquinas

question

Who was the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages?

answer

Innocent III

question

Abelard's Sic et Non is an extraordinary example of what method of learning?

answer

a dialectical method that questioned received wisdom

question

The Twelfth-Century Renaissance sought engagement with the world through

answer

dialectic

question

Where did women in the twelfth century pursue scholarly learning?

answer

monasteries

question

Among the basic elements of Gothic architecture are

answer

attached buttresses and pointed arches

question

What was the end result Abbot Suger sought in creating his new architectural style?

answer

a taller, light-filled building

question

Bernard of Clairvaux was the spiritual voice and guide of the

answer

Cistercian monastic movement

question

How did the first crusaders and their successors survive in the Holy Land?

answer

through peaceful coexistence with the Muslim population

question

What did Saladin accomplish in 1187?

answer

He retook the city of Jerusalem and overthrew the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

question

What was the outcome of the Fourth Crusade?

answer

the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by western crusaders

question

In the great growing season of the High Middle Ages, what region benefitted more than any other in Europe?

answer

France

question

Most of the heresies that arose in the High Middle Ages were

answer

anti-papal and anti-clerical

question

The strongest of the dissenting movements was associated with the

answer

Cathars

question

Which order's goal was to bring about the end of heresy by identifying and enlightening wayward Christians?

answer

Dominicans

question

At Runnymede in 1215, King John issued the Magna Carta, which

answer

delimited what the king could demand of his people and powerful lords

question

Why did noble supporters of King Henry II of England assassinate Thomas Beckett?

answer

Beckett resisted royal interference in church affairs

question

The encounter with the works of what scholar pushed higher education in the Middle Ages in a new direction?

answer

Aristotle

question

What was the cultural parallel to crusade in the twelfth-century Latin west?

answer

translation centers

question

Between 1175 and 1225, universities appeared in

answer

Salerno, Bologna, Paris, and Oxford

question

The university at Bologna grew out of the need to make sense of

answer

Roman civil law

question

The general term for the intellectual movement of university thinkers of the period between 1150 and 1350 is

answer

scholasticism

question

Which thirteenth-century scholastic thinker was known as the "Dumb Ox"?

answer

Thomas Aquinas

question

Why have scholars long seen a similarity between scholastic thought and Gothic architecture?

answer

Both were perfected syntheses and rational demonstrations of elevated truths

question

About when did the Little Ice Age begin?

answer

1270

question

About how many people died as a result of the famine that struck northern Europe between 1315 and 1322?

answer

four to five million people

question

Among the causes of the Great Famine that struck northern Europe was

answer

poor weather

question

Dramatic increase in the price of what led to riots during the Great Famine?

answer

grain

question

What was the issue at the heart of the struggle between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV?

answer

the wealth and control of the French church

question

Why did critics label the period of the papal residence in Avignon the "Babylonian Captivity of the Church"?

answer

Critics used the label to censure the worldliness of the Avignon church

question

What was the purpose of the Golden Bull of 1356?

answer

to straighten out the constitutional complexities of the empire

question

The Golden Bull established that the right to elect an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire belonged to

answer

seven German prince-electors

question

The greatest provocation that led to the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War most likely was

answer

Edward III's claim to the right to confiscate Gascony

question

The deadly weapon that played a central role in the English victory at Crécy in 1346 was the

answer

longbow

question

In essence, chivalry was a

answer

code of conduct espoused by chevaliers or knights

question

The language of chivalry and courtly love was, for the most part,

answer

French

question

The fourteenth-century plague was

answer

a pandemic

question

The plague most likely reached Europe via

answer

merchant ships in the Mediterranean

question

The cause of the plague was mostly likely

answer

Yersinia Pestis

question

The immediate response of many to the plague was to

answer

live for today

question

After the plague, the balance of power shifted from the countryside to the

answer

towns

question

The response of various penitential groups to the plague was not so much anti-institutional as extra-institutional, meaning that they

answer

were still believers but sought to appease God outside the confines of institutional religion

question

How did the Avignon period and the Western Schism make the Catholic Church a source of confusion to Christendom?

answer

They led people to no longer view the pope as the universal representative of God

question

Why did conciliarism ultimately founder?

answer

It remained the pope's prerogative to call universal councils of the church

question

Among the fundamental tenets of the late medieval Roman Catholic Church that English theorist John Wyclif rejected was

answer

the seven sacraments

question

What was the significance of Joan of Arc's career?

answer

It speaks to the emergence of a deeply patriotic and royalist sentiment in France

question

What did western monarchs strive to achieve in the mid-fifteenth century as they reformed their state bureaucracies?

answer

to centralize authority under their control

question

The War of the Roses led to the foundation of what dynasty in England?

answer

Tudor

question

The late medieval monarchs of France, England, and Spain headed toward new methods and goals of government by

answer

bureaucratizing their governments

question

The progenitor of humanism was

answer

Francesco Petrarcha

question

Why was the Italian Renaissance transitional?

answer

It was not quite modern, yet not entirely medieval either

question

Why was the Italian Renaissance not revolutionary?

answer

It did not represent a dramatic shift in political, social, or cultural attitudes

question

Renaissance humanism emphasized the study of what languages and literatures?

answer

Latin and Greek

question

One of the reasons the Renaissance began in Italy was the

answer

the weakness of the papacy, which allowed Italian cities for a time to operate without much papal interference

question

The one thing that distinguished Italy from the rest of Europe in the fourteenth century was the predominance of

answer

cities

question

At the time of the Renaissance, the governments of most of the northern Italian states were

answer

communes

question

The first pope to return the papacy permanently to Rome was

answer

Martin V

question

What made Rome special among the cities of the Italian Renaissance?

answer

Its relationship with antiquity and with the Catholic Church and papacy

question

What made Florence stand out during the fifteenth century?

answer

its vigorous mercantile activity and enormous wealth

question

Florence's oligarchic government was led by a nine-member committee called the

answer

Signoria

question

The Medici and Florence were at the forefront of the formative development of

answer

banking

question

Why did Machiavelli's Prince shock contemporaries?

answer

Its political amorality was strikingly different from medieval political treatises

question

Why was Venice's geographic location so important to its power and wealth?

answer

Venice's position on the northeastern edge of the peninsula gave it the ability to dominate Mediterranean and Adriatic trade

question

The most important of the ancient texts identified during the Renaissance were the works of

answer

Plato

question

The application of humanist thought to political and social problems is known as

answer

civic humanism

question

How did the mastery of linear perspective change western European art during the Renaissance?

answer

It gave paintings a sense of depth

question

The artist of the High Renaissance who painted the fresco cycle for the Sistine Chapel was

answer

Michelangelo

question

The most popular artist of the High Renaissance was

answer

Raphael

question

Why did the European Renaissance have a more overtly religious cast to it than did the Italian Renaissance?

answer

European humanists applied the critical spirit of humanism to the church and its doctrines

question

The chief renaissance city in northern Europe was

answer

Bruges in Flanders

question

A hallmark of European renaissance art was

answer

the juxtaposition of religious themes with individualized portraits

question

Why did the development of a technology for the mass production of books have an enormous intellectual impact on Europe?

answer

The fixed nature of print made the post-Gutenberg world more intellectually exact

question

Among the humanist church reformers of the sixteenth century were

answer

Erasmus, More, and Rabelais

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