question

The dream of the High Middle Ages' greatest thinkers was to create comprehensive descriptions of particular topics, which would be known as ____

answer

summae

question

A renaissance is a historical era defined by a surge in cultural advances driven by interest in __

answer

classical thought

question

As an academic title, the literal translation of the word doctor means __

answer

teacher

question

____were the men who worked as teachers at the new schools of the High Middle Ages.

answer

scholastics

question

The first mendicant order of friars was started by the Italian ___ of ___

answer

Francis of Assisi

question

The ____ were the original source of "Arabic" numerals and the concept of zero.

answer

Hindus

question

Circular type of church design likely evolved from shrines built over the

answer

graves of saints

question

In the Gothic style, the three key elements are the pointed __, rib-vaulting, and flying ____.

answer

- arch -buttresses

question

What best describes the architecture of Very early Christianity

answer

It had no distinctive style of architecture.

question

_____ ____ was the birthplace of Gothic style architecture

answer

Northern France

question

_____ was the most famous advocate of the dialectic method.

answer

Peter Abelard

question

Aristotle was especially admired and emulated by the

answer

Scholastics

question

The scholar _____ _____, along with Thomas Aquinas, devoted his life to reconciling Aristotle's insights with Christian doctrine.

answer

Albertus Magus

question

The emergence of new monastic ideals at the end of the eleventh century was forecast by an order whose members lived in isolated cells, worked with their hands, and practiced rigorous self-denial; they were known as the ____

answer

Carthusians

question

_______ was notable for his patronage of troubadours at his court.

answer

William IX of Aquitaine

question

The _____ were the heretical group that spread into Western Europe from the Balkans and became the target of a crusade to force them out of France.

answer

Carthars

question

The Dominican order focused on _____, _____, and combating ______.

answer

preaching, teaching, combating heresy

question

The English king, Richard I "the Lionhearted," spent most of his reign out of his realm, leading the _____ ____, and being held captive in Germany.

answer

3rd Crusade

question

Entertainers of the High Middle Ages who wrote and performed lively lyrical poetry and music—primarily about love—were known as ____

answer

troubadours

question

Louis IX's investigators, sent out to audit the accounts of his officials and hear complaints against them, were called ___

answer

enquèteurs.

question

In Henry II's court system, cases were heard and verdicts rendered by ____ juries.

answer

petit

question

____ was home to the Capetian dynasty

answer

France

question

Henry II gained control of much of the ____ Empire by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine.

answer

Angevin

question

____ expanded the use of documents that people could purchase to order royal officials to take action on their behalf, known as ____

answer

Henry II, Writs

question

A man who embraced the new kind of religious vocation in which he would stay in the workaday world while trying to save souls was known as a ___

answer

friar

question

The scholars of the High Middle Ages moved forward intellectually because they were no longer constrained by excessive_______________

answer

respect for the authority of the past

question

The medieval university's system of moving from degree to degree by demonstrating mastery most closely resembled a guild of ___

answer

craftsman

question

_______ offered the skeptical argument against transubstantiation that people could not distinguish between consecrated and unconsecrated bread and wine.

answer

Berengar of Tours

question

The basic premise of Old Logic is that Truth needs the support of nothing beyond itself if ____

answer

logically analyzed

question

Friars differed from earlier medieval monks in that they worked in the world, while monks ___

answer

withdrew from the world

question

According to ____ ___, the purpose of his new Gothic church at St. Denis was to maximize the light of God's intellectual and spiritual presence.

answer

Abbot Suger

question

As a collective, a university had considerable leverage in negotiations with local leaders because its students were a ____ __ ____ for a town.

answer

source of income

question

The pointed or broken Gothic arch make it possible to escape the limitations of the _____ style because a pointed arch could be higher than its width.

answer

Romanesque

question

Although Parliament had started out as an assembly that was ____ ____, Edward I still found it expedient for getting money from the property-owning classes.

answer

Potentially treasonous

question

____________ means a professor read a passage from a book and then commented on it extensively.

answer

Glossing of a text

question

The conflict between Henry II and ___ ____ highlighted conflicts over authority between church and statein medieval Europe.

answer

Thomas Becket

question

Henry II's system of _____ ____ _____ was most useful for resolving local property disputes.

answer

common law juries

question

Although he was branded a heretic, ____ _____'s call for believers to live a simple, Christ-like life, resembled the teachings of Francis of Assisi.

answer

Peter Waldo

question

The tensions between the physical world and the mysteries of the Christian faith were reflected in

answer

Gothic architecture

question

The lure of science drew Christian European scholars to ____libraries.

answer

Muslim

question

___ ____ thought that reason and faith could be used together to understand reality.

answer

Thomas Aquinas

question

In the study of dialectic, the unfortunate theological implication of realism led to

answer

pantheism

question

______'s brilliant reign and many accomplishments, his enemies wiped out his dynasty and undid most of his work after this death.

answer

Frederick II's

question

The relationship between ____ and Peter Abelard is a reminder that even brilliant women could not attend the formal schools in Paris.

answer

Heloise

question

One problem of medieval government, reflected by an issue faced by both England's Henry II and John, was that ____ _____ could force a king to change policies.

answer

Papal Excommunication

question

The church accepted much of the work of ______, but moderated his ethic of giving away of all of one's possessions and trusting God to meet one's needs.

answer

Francis of Assisi

question

The pope called for a crusade to root out the ____ because they had attracted a large following and the pope believed they were heretics.

answer

Cathars

question

The cool, dark interiors of ____ churches appealed to people in Italy, Spain, and southern France because they provided an escape from the hot, sunny climates found in those areas.

answer

Romanesque

question

The greatest impact of the ___ _ ___ ___ was that it turned crude warriors into cultivated gentlemen.

answer

Cult of courtly love

question

_____ __ ____was held in high regard because she was a talented, intelligent woman.

answer

Hildegard of Bingen

question

While at first hostile to Aristotle's work, the ____ ___ of the High Middle Ages came to appreciate his writings as being compatible with Scripture.

answer

Catholic Church

question

The architecture of the churches of the High Middle Ages continue to influence church design to this very day because the design perfectly captured the essence and feeling of Christianity's ____ ____

answer

transcendent faith

question

The lives of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Blanche of Castile demonstrate that medieval women could influence politics through their ___ ___ ___

answer

husband and sons

question

Medieval _____ and Realists arguing over the meaning of classes of things and individual things were continuing a philosophical debate begun by Plato and Aristotle.

answer

Nominalists

question

Events in Germany and England following the deaths of their rulers Henry IV and John respectively show that stable medieval government depended on the ruler leaving a ____ ___ ___

answer

capable adult heir

question

____struck Europe several times during the first third of the fourteenth century.

answer

Famine

question

Roughly 30 to 50 percent of the European population was killed by the ____ ____ between 1347 and 1350.

answer

Black Death

question

Many Europeans blamed the ___ for causing the plague.

answer

Jews

question

The Christian city of _____ was sacked during the Fourth Crusade.

answer

Constantinople

question

Saladin brought the Muslims of the Middle East together, formed an empire that stretched from Africa to ____, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty.

answer

Armenia

question

The Mongols changed from potential European allies to enemies when they converted to ___

answer

islam

question

The Mongol leader Temujin, who led his people to conquer parts of China, Russia, and Persia, is better known as

answer

genghis khan

question

________was the Venetian merchant who claimed to have visited the Mongol court and whose writings are a disputed source of information on thirteenth-century China.

answer

maro polo

question

Philip IV and Boniface VIII were involved in a conflict in which a secular king challenged and humiliated the

answer

papacy

question

Critics refer to The papacy's sojourn in Avignon as a

answer

babylonian captivity

question

The French national legislature, which first met in 1302 under Philip IV, was

answer

estates general

question

_____ was an extended dispute over divided claims to the position of pope.

answer

The Great Schism

question

____________insisted that, because popes were human, they were as prone to error as anyone else and proposed that the best way to determine truth about an issue was to seek a consensus of opinion.

answer

William of Ockham

question

_________ claimed that the church was a natural rather than a supernatural entity and that the church community was composed of individual Christians who had a right to control it.

answer

Marsiglio of Padua

question

Martin V, whose election as pope ended the Great Schism, was chosen by the Council of ____

answer

Constance

question

The underlying issue of the Hundred Years' War was the English king's claim to be king of ____

answer

france

question

King Edward III overthrew his parents, who were serving as regents, to assert his independent rule over

answer

england

question

The ____ ___ ___ ____ was the name of the English fraternity of knights, founded in 1348, that was meant to be similar to the knights serving the legendary King Arthur at Camelot.

answer

Order of the Garter

question

Military innovations of the fourteenth century include the crossbow, the longbow, the pike, gunpowder, but __were introduced earlier.

answer

stirrups

question

King _____ was declared heir to both the English and French thrones.

answer

Henry VI

question

The idea that the final authority in spiritual matters belonged to the whole community of Christians was known as

answer

conciliarism

question

The cloud cast over Europe by the Black Death had a silver lining in that survivors found their____ prospects improved.

answer

economic

question

Lacking a trade or profession, Christine de Pizan maintained her household at first by working as a

answer

copyist

question

Christine de Pizan is best known for her poem celebrating the deeds of

answer

Joan of Arc

question

___'s poem "Against the Present Day" lamented the problems of the fourteenth century.

answer

Eustache Deschamps'

question

After 1300, European __ __ began to fall due to a long period of slowly diminishing average temperatures.

answer

crop production

question

During the Middle Ages the level of formal education typically provided to middle- and upper-class girls was

answer

elementary training

question

For ___ __ ___, Joan of Arc represented the potential inherent in women.

answer

Christine de Pizan

question

Because of changes in weaponry during the Hundred Years' War, the aristocracy began to lose its

answer

political dominance

question

The long lull in hostilities in the middle of the Hundred Years' War is best explained by internal political problems in

answer

england

question

William of Ockham and Marsiglio of Padua would have agreed that the pope and other church leaders were not

answer

infallible

question

If the plague of fourteenth-century Europe was a version of _____ ____, global shifts in climate explain its spread to Europe.

answer

Yersinia pestis

question

In Europe the medieval epidemic killed between 30 and 50 percent of the population. ____ losses were about the same.

answer

Muslim

question

The flagellant movement and more frequent depictions of the ___ ____ were responses to the Black Death.

answer

Last Judgement

question

Saladin was able to establish such a widespread empire—from Armenia to Tunisia--because it was a loosely controlled

answer

federation of principalities

question

During the Middle Ages, the most persistent and longest lasting invasions of others' lands were carried out by

answer

crusaders

question

According to Innocent III's theory of papal monarchy, all Christians, including kings, were subject to the ___ authority.

answer

pope's

question

In the late Middle Ages, political ___ were just beginning to form.

answer

states

question

The Council of Basel failed because European kings preferred papal power to ___ power.

answer

conciliar

question

Arguments questioning the validity of the authority of the medieval church could also be used to question the authority of

answer

monarchs

question

Although the late medieval period has been described as an Age of Anxiety, its skepticism and self-doubt helped give rise to the

answer

italian renaissance

question

____ ____was despondent about his life and prospects because his otherwise successful professional life was affected by epidemics and invasions.

answer

Eustache Deschamps

question

___ were less wide-reaching and devastating after the fourteenth century because so many people had died in the plague that there were fewer mouths to feed.

answer

famines

question

Edward II established the Order of the Garter to encourage people to picture him as a new

answer

King Arthur

question

England had close economic ties to _, which bordered France, which led to the outbreak of the Hundred Year's War.

answer

Flanders

question

During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, aristocratic families became increasingly

answer

weak and unstable

question

The major reason that Europeans drained swamps, cut down forests, and reclaimed land from the sea from the 1000s to the 1200s was to increase the area of

answer

arable land

question

The crop failures of the early fourteenth century were particularly devastating to Europeans because the population of Europe had ___ between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries.

answer

tripled

question

The reduced temperatures of the Little Ice Age had a serious impact on Europe because the society was mainly

answer

agrarian

question

The statement "He strengthened the power of the papacy of the church and its clergy" best characterizes ____'s accomplishments.

answer

Innocent III's

question

The king of France had the most to gain from the papacy's Babylonian Captivity at

answer

Avignon

question

Eustache Deschamps was typical of his generation because his life was ruinously affected by the plague and the Hundred Years' War, and he found no support in ___ ____

answer

Religious organizations

question

The stresses and changes of the late Middle Ages were, in the long run, most harmful to the

answer

status of the church

question

One can infer that Christine de Pizan was successful at her profession because she supported herself and

answer

five other people

question

The later Scientific Revolution movement was most strongly encouraged by___ ___ ___ skepticism

answer

William of Ockham's

question

____ developed differently in different parts of Italy. The southern half of Italy was a feudal kingdom centered on Naples. the Papal States spanned the center of Italy and extended up the Adriatic coast, Northern Italy was divided among major and minor city-states that experimented with different kinds of government, and some of the city-states called themselves ____

answer

City States, republics

question

Petrarch became known as the "father of ____".

answer

humanism

question

_______ was the first major northern artist to take a serious interest in Italy's Renaissance.

answer

Albrecht Dürer

question

By 1340, Osman's descendants brought most of ___ under their control.

answer

Asia Minor

question

__took the early lead in Atlantic exploration.

answer

Portugal

question

The Renaissance thinker Giovanni Pico della Mirandola believed if he wove together the insights of all the major Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic thinkers, he could produce a single

answer

logical system of thought

question

The medieval theologian Augustine of Hippo exemplified the view that the world and human nature are doomed by

answer

sin

question

In the early sixteenth century, Isabella d'Este, named "the First Lady of the World" by a prominent politician, ruled the city of

answer

Mantua

question

Although Elisabetta Gonzaga was highly educated in the arts, music, and literature, she was most skilled at

answer

keeping the court running smoothly

question

The city of ____ controlled the largest political state in Renaissance Italy.

answer

genoa

question

The Italian duchy of __ had no access to the sea but controlled important passes through the Alps.

answer

Milan

question

The Ottoman Empire did not reach as far north and west when compared to the Roman Empire at its peak as a

answer

Mediterranean power

question

From the 1430s onward, the Medici family held political and cultural dominance in the Italian city of

answer

Florence

question

_________________--the pope's Line of Demarcation--marked spheres of influence for the Spanish and Portuguese in South America.

answer

Treaty of Tordesillas

question

Because of the pope's 1494 Line of Demarcation, most of North and South America was colonized by

answer

Spain

question

Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier was inspired by the salon of

answer

Elisabetta Gonzaga

question

A number of the Italian city-states began as associations of tradespeople, known as ____, who voluntarily banded together for mutual benefit.

answer

communes

question

Neither Isabella d'Este nor Elisabetta Gonzaga represented the typical status of

answer

Italian Renaissance women

question

Desiderius Erasmus was the most prominent of the northern

answer

humanists

question

In 1453, the Ottoman leader Mehmed II took the city of Constantinople, earning him the nickname

answer

The Conquerer

question

The word ___ refers to Islamic religious law.

answer

Shariah

question

The explorer ____ first rounded the southern tip of the African continent.

answer

Bartolomeu Dias

question

England sponsored the voyage of the ____sailor John Cabot.

answer

Genoese

question

Both medieval and Renaissance painters usually depicted __ subjects.

answer

religious

question

Columbus called the people he contacted in the Caribbean "Indians" because he thought he had reached the outlying portions of

answer

India

question

Because most of Europe's Mediterranean trade passed through Italy, it became home to four of Europe's five largest cities by

answer

1400

question

When looking at the past, Renaissance humanists drew their greatest inspiration from ancient

answer

Greece and Rome

question

The most important contribution northern painters made to Renaissance art was the development of

answer

Oil Paint

question

Improvements in___, ___, and ___ were the most important factors in terms of making the fifteenth-century European voyages of exploration possible.

answer

Ships, weapons, and tools

question

Although ___ ____ was an experienced map maker, his most serious basic misconception was that he believed the world was much smaller than it is.

answer

Christopher Columbus

question

From his study of great thinkers of the past,____ concluded that men could use this store of knowledge to perfect the world.

answer

Pico della Mirandola

question

The modernity of the writings of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio is best represented by their writing in __ to reach a wide audience.

answer

Italian

question

Explanations for the political divisions of Renaissance Italy include Italian geography, the legacy of Roman rule, lack of a native royal family, and papal interference in efforts directed toward

answer

unity

question

Italy played a major role in the onset of the Renaissance because it had Europe's greatest concentration of

answer

urban centers

question

___cultural relations with the West can be best described as cultural influences flowing in both directions, with each culture influencing the other.

answer

Ottoman

question

Donatello's ____ is considered the first true Renaissance sculpture because it was meant to stand alone and be viewed in the round.

answer

David

question

Renaissance painting was less influenced by ___ examples than other arts, such as architecture and sculpture, because few ancient paintings had survived for Renaissance artists to study.

answer

classical

question

The Ottoman Empire's defeat at the battle of ___ in 1571 signaled that the focus of European states was shifting from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.

answer

Lepanto

question

German merchants formed the ___ League in response to a power vacuum following the death of Frederick II.

answer

Hanseatic

question

___ annexation of Austria in the mid-thirteenth century was made possible by Germany's lack of a king to challenge the annexation.

answer

Ottokar II's

question

Unlike Europeans, the Ottomans were tolerant of

answer

religious diversity

question

The corps of ___in the fourteenth century enjoyed more autonomy than other military units, may have been established to fight the Turkish cavalry, the horse soldiers were awarded land grants, and Christians, taken as boys and converted to Islam, were included in their ranks.

answer

Janissaries

question

The Ottoman conquest of Mecca and Medina was significant because both cities were subsequently restored to ___ control.

answer

Shi'ite

question

Spanish and Muslim control of the __ __ __ was a major factor motivating Portugal to take the lead in European Atlantic exploration.

answer

Straits of Gibraltar

question

Europeans used Africans rather than Indians as slave labor in the Americas because Indian populations had been decimated by European

answer

diseases

question

Thomas à Kempis and the Modern Devotion had their greatest influence on the Renaissance scholar

answer

Desiderius Erasmus

question

Because of Ottoman marriage and succession practices, his ___ was often the most influential figure in the sultan's government.

answer

mother

question

Historians disagree about most aspects of the Renaissance EXCEPT where it

answer

originated

question

Charles IV's __ __ was intended to reduce the influence of the pope in German affairs.

answer

golden bull

question

In the late 1600s, a weak Ottoman Empire was threatened by lower standards of discipline in the government service corps, provincial warlords, the rise of private armies, and lack of resources for fighting both

answer

persia and europe

question

When he drew the 1494 __ __ __ on the globe, the pope's unspoken assumption was that only Catholic Christians had any rights that Europeans had to respect.

answer

Line of Demarcation

question

During the Renaissance, technological innovations had much more impact in Europe than in

answer

China

question

As a result of the pope's 1494 Line of Demarcation, Brazil was the only American colony established by

answer

Portugal

question

The loss of __ had little practical significance on Europe.

answer

Constantinople

question

The advice Machiavelli gave to rulers in The Prince could best be summed up as __

answer

"The end justifies the means".

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