Hematology Exam #1 – Flashcards
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Define Hematology
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The science dealing with the morphology of blood and blood forming tissues and their physiology and pathology.
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State the difference in types of cells found in peripheral blood and bone marrow.
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The peripheral blood contains mature leukocytes, mature erythrocytes, and mature platelets. The bone marrow contains immature precursor cells and matures cells.
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Identify the 3 types of cellular elements found normally in peripheral blood
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Leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets
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Identify the 6 types of white blood cells found normally in peripheral blood.
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Neutrophils, band neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.
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State the function of each cell found on a normal peripheral blood smear.
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Erythrocyte-transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Platelet-blood clotting Leukocyte-immune defense
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Identify the anticoagulant used most in hematology.
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EDTA
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Differentiate between serum and plasma.
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Plasma is the medium of blood in vivo. Serum is non-anticoagulated blood. Coagulation factors I, II, V, VIII, and XIII are not present in serum.
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Describe three methods of preparing peripheral blood smears.
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Wedge smear, coverslip, and spun smear
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Describe the characteristics of a well-prepared wedge blood smear and recognize inadequately-prepared smears, and how to correct them.
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2/3-3/4 of smear, straight/even feather edge, at least 2.5 cm long, margins narrower than slide, no streak, waves, clumps, or troughs, gradual transition from thick to thin.
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Identify zone 1-4 on a peripheral blood smear and the cells that can be examined in zone 1, 2, and 3.
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Zone 1: platelets and WBCs Zone 2: RBC inclusion, platelets, and WBCs Zone 3: All cell types
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Identify which anticoagulant cannot be used to make blood smears.
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Heparin, because you get a bluish background.
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Define Romanowsky stain and list two or three specific types of Romanowsky stains useful in hematology.
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A Romanowsky stain is used to visualize cellular components. There are three components: Methylene Blue, Eosin, and Azure B and oxidation products of methylene blue. Two different types of Romanowsky stains are Wright, Wright-Giemsa Jenner.
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Describe the principles of differential staining of cellular constituents by the various components of Romanowsky dyes
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There are three components: Methylene Blue, which stains acidic components blue Eosin, which stains the basic components red Azure B and oxidation products of methylene blue, which occur when the stain ages.
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State the color of the following cellular components with Wright/Giemsa stain: RNA, mitochondria, Golgi, eosinophil granules, basophil granules, neutrophil granules, nucleus.
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RNA-blue/purple Mitochondria-no stain Golgi-no stain eosinophil granule-reddish orange basophil granules-purple Neutrophil granules-purple Nucleus-purple
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Reference interval Neutrophil
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1.8-7.0 x 10^9/L
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Reference interval band neutrophil
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0-0.7 x 109/L
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Reference interval lymphocyte
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1.0-4.8 x 10^9/L
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Reference interval monocyte
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0.1-0.8 x 10^9/L
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Reference interval eosinophil
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0-0.4 x 10^9/L
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Reference interval Basophil
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0-0.2 x 10^9/L
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RBC (erythrocyte) morphologic Characteristics
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7-8 micrometers, no nucleus, biconcave shape, stain red because of presence of hemglobin
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Platelet morphologic characteristics
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2-4 micrometers, no nuclei, have reddish purple granules
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Neutrophil morphologic characteristics
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9-15 micrometers, cytoplasm uniformly sized pale pinkish to lavender granules (fine sand, glassy) Nucleus-dark purple color, heavily clumped, 2-5 lobes (3-4 are normal) attached by a fine filament that has length but no breadth.
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Band Neutrophil morphologic characteristics
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ame size as neutrophil (9-15 micrometers), same cytoplasm as neutrophil, nucleus-dark purple heavily clumped but no segments (horseshoe shaped or s-shaped)
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Lymphocyte morphologic characteristics
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7-16 micrometers, cytoplasm-clear blue, perinuclear zone, color varies from light to dark blue, most do not show granules. Nucleus-round, oval, or indented dense (smooth) chromatin, dark staining.
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Monocyte morphologic characteristics
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12-20 micrometers, largest cell in peripheral blood, cytoplasm-abundant, gray-gray/blue, filled with very small reddish purple granules that are too small to see individually in the microscope. May have vacuoles. Usually not indented by RBCs. Nucleus-folded or irregular in shape (horseshoe, lobular), chromatin in strands (fish net, meshwork, stringy, foamy)
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Eosinophil morphologic characteristics
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12-15 micrometers, round, cytoplasm-refractile or irredescent orange-red granules distributed evenly throughout cytoplasm. Granules are larger and more uniform in size than neutrophil granules. Nucleus-usually 2 lobes, sometimes 3 with chromatin.
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Basophil morphologic characteristics
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10-15 micrometers, cytoplasm-large, deep blue, purple to black granules (uneven in size) fewer than eosinophil, uneven in staining quality. Nucleus-stains lighter than eos or seg. May be lobulated, usually obscured by granules.
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State 7 cellular characteristics that are useful in identification of cells and be able to apply them to the nucleated cell types discussed in this course.
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Size of cell Size of nucleus Shape of nucleus Chromatin pattern Presence or absence of nucleoli Amount of cytoplasm Color of cytoplasm, presence of granules, presence of vacuoles, etc. Cellular outline
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State 4 characteristics that help differentiate monocytes and lymphocytes.
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Lymphocyte: 7-16 micrometers vs. monocyte: 12-20 micrometers NC Ratio Lymphocyte: 3:1 or 4:1 Monocyte: 1:1 or 2:1 Nucleus Shape: L: round, oval or indented M: irregular, folded, lobular, or horseshoe Nucleus Color: L: Dark, reddish purple M: Light, bluish purple Chromatin Texture: L: dense, blotchy M: Stringy, foamy, fishnet Cytoplasm color: L: Clear, sky blue M: gray, bluish-gray, pinkish-gray
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State the criteria used for differentiation of a band and segmented neutrophil.
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Seg: filaments visible, nucleus lobed Band: Nucleus is one continuous body
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Identify and describe two artifacts (torocytes and necrobiotic cells) seen in peripheral smears and the cause for those artifacts.
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Torocyte: punched-out pallor cell caused by too slow drying time. Necrobiotic cells: dead neutrophils caused by old blood that sat in EDTA too long.
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Hematpoiesis
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formation and development of blood cells.
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Trabeculae
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bony spicules, pink in color
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Cords
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Composed of developing blood cells
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Marrow Sinus
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large thin-walled veins lined with endothelial cells
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abluminal
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away from the lumen
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hyperplasia
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increase in the number of cells/proliferation of cells.
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Adipocyte
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fat cell
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Stroma
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...
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Erythroblastic island
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specialized microenvironment compartments within which definitive mammalian erythroblasts proliferate and differentiate
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list the sites of blood cell production in the developing fetus
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MKsBL2T Mononuclear phagocyte system Kidneys(?) Spleen Bone Marrow Liver Lymph nodes Thymus
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What is the function of bone marrow?
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Blood cell production in adults
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Medullary hematopoiesis
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blood cell production in the bone marrow after birth. Normal
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extramedullary hematopoiesis
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blood cell production in hematopoietic tissue other than bone marrow, which is abnormal
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Reference interval ratio of cells to fat in bone marrow in adults
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50/50 cells/fat in normal adults
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composition of red and yellow marrow
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yellow marrow is 100% fat red marrow contains red cell, white cell (myeloid) and platelet precursors
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Hematopoietic microenvironment
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Environment for the optimal growth, orderly maturation and release of blood cells from the marrow.
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Conditioning by the spleen
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usually new red cells coming out of bone marrow have too much surface area (target cell), need some of the surface area removed (conditioning)
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Culling
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senescent or damaged RBCs removed from circulation
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Pitting
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inclusions or particles within the cell are removed and stay behind without destroying the cells
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What percentage of platelets are stored in the spleen?
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33%
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List four red cell changes that occur following post-splenectomy.
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Acanthocytes-RBCs with "club-like" projections. Target cells/codocytes Howell-Jolly bodies (DNA remnants) Pappenheimer Bodies (Iron + protein remneants in mitochondria) Nucleated RBCs
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Explain the functions of lymph nodes, thymus, and liver as related to blood cell production and/or destruction
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Lymph nodes-Produce T and B lymphocytes after response to antigen Thymus-compartment of maturation of T lymphocytes Liver-filters damaged cells
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Identify the four cell types found in the mononuclear phagocyte system.
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Monoblasts, promonocytes, monocytes (go into peripheral blood and become macrophages), and macrophages (aid in culling).
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Explain the methodology and significance of the experiments of till and McCulloch.
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Provided evidence for stem cell existence. Destroy all hematopoietic cells in mice, then inject bone marrow from a healthy mouse. In 8-10 days, colonies of bone marrow cells on spleen. Most only had one cell type. At 14 days, usually more than one cell type. Experiments showed that cells produced in the bone marrow were all derived from the same stem cell (CFU-S).
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State three characteristic/features/functions that define stem cells. Identify the one characteristic/feature that is unique to stem cells as compared to other hematopoietic cells.
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Pluripotent, differentiation, self-renewal. Self-renewal is unique to stem cells.
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Describe the proposed morphology of stem cells.
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Stem cells are morphologically unrecognizable, but they may be similar to a small lymphocyte
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Identify the phenotype of the hematopoietic stem cell.
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Phenotype-marker proteins that are present on the surface of a cell. CD34+ Thy-1lo CD38- lin- HLA-DR- Rh123 Dull
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Cell differentiation
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Differentiation-blood cells are all derived from a common precursor cell (pluripotential stem cell) and then differentiate to fit specific and specialized functions for the organs and tissues that they will be a part of. The process by which cells become distinct cell types with specialized function.
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Cell Commitment
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The process of a cell deciding to become a certain type of cell.
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Cell Maturation
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the process of a cell, once it's committed, to acquire all of the characteristics of the type of cell it will become.
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Stem Cells, early progenitor cells, late progenitor cells
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pluripotent, high self renewal capacity. Morphologically unrecognizable. Progenitor cells-early precursors but are committed to become certain types of cells or only one type of cell. Early progenitor cells are multipotent but later progenitor cells are unipotent. Eventually become committed and lose ability to self-renew. Not morphologically identifiable.
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interleukins, growth factors, and cytokines
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Growth factors 'interleukins' produced by stromal cells (macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T lymphocytes, adipocytes) or other cells. Most act in concert with others. Most affect more than one cell line. Cytokines- small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by numerous cells and are a category of signaling molecules used extensively in intercellular communication. Cytokines can be classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins.
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IL-1
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granulocyte progenitor cells; induces neutrophilic leukocytosis. INDIRECT ACTING
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IL-3
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acts on the stem cell and very early progenitor cells to influence production of several cell lines. EARLY-ACTING
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GM-CSF
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acts on early progenitor cells that can become many different cell lines. Also has actions on mature cells. EARLY-ACTING
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G-CSF
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in cultures results in granulocyte colonies among other actions. LATER-ACTING
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M-CSF
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action is primarily to stimulate monocyte/macrophage growth. LATER-ACTING
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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acts to produce red cells. LATER-ACTING
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Thrombopoietin (TPO)
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acts to produce platelets. LATER-ACTING
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Identify 5 stromal cells that produce the cytokines/growth factors and interleukins.
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macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T lymphocytes, adipocytes
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List 3 examples of negative regulators or hematopoiesis.
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Interferons, TGF-beta (Transforming growth factor), TNF (Tumor necrosis factor)
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. Identify components and the functions of stromal cells.
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Stromal cells: Adipocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, T cells and macrophages: Expression of homing receptors, expression of soluble growth and differentiation factors, production of integral membrane proteins that function as juxtacrine regulators (SCF, FL), production of ECM components.
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Identify extracellular matrix components of the hematopoietic microenvironment.
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Soluble factors (cytokines and growth factors), extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen, glycosaminoglycans (heparan, chondroitin, dermatan-sulfate), cytoadhesion molecules: regulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell differentiation and expansion, structural support, cell-to-cell interactions; localization of growth factors, adhesion of hematopoietic precursors to ECM proteins
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Define apoptosis and explain its role in human physiology.
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Apoptosis is programmed cell death. It is important in keeping homeostasis.
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Explain the cell cycle. Explain the processes occurring in each stage.
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G1- Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. S-DNA replication G2- Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. M- Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division
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State the approximate time spent in each stage of the cell cycle.
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G1-9hrs S-6hrs G2-3hrs M-1 hr
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State the DNA ploidy level at each stage of the cell cycle.
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G1-2N S-4N G2-4N M-2N
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Explain the general morphologic changes that occur in blood cells as they mature in the bone marrow.
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Stem cells differentiating to progenitor cells to maturing cells. Multiplication by mitotic division. Maturation. Release into peripheral blood
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Define maturation as it applies to cells in bone marrow.
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Immature cells of a cell line are in the bone marrow, whereas mature cells are in the peripheral blood.
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State the accepted nomenclature for the maturation series of all blood cells.
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Myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte
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Describe 5 general morphologic changes that occur as cells mature from the blast stage to a mature cell.
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Total cell size decreases Nuclear size decreases Chromatin condenses Nucleoli disappear Cytoplasmic volume increases Cytoplasmic color develops Membrane receptors change
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Erythropoiesis
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Entire process by which erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow.
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BFU-E
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Burst-forming unit-erythrocyte; more primitive than the CFU-E, differentiates into CFU-E. colonies develop (14 days), only few EPO receptors so need a lot of EPO.
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CFU-E
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Colony forming unit-Erythrocyte; more mature than the BFU-E, colonies develop 8 days after BFU-E colony. Many EPO receptors so only need small amount of EPO
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List growth factors that lead to erythrocyte production
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IL-11, IL-3, IL-6, SCF, G-CSF, FL-pluripotent stem cell to cycling pluripotential stem cell GM-CSF, IL-3, SCF, FL-cycling pluripotent cell to CFU-GEMM GM-CSF and IL-3, SCF: CFU-GEMM through BFU-E to CFU-E
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Name in order of maturity, each stage in the red cell maturation series by erythro-morphology
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Proerythroblast, Basophilic Erythroblast, Polchromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromic erythroblast, reticulocyte, red blood cell
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Proerythroblast morphology
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20-25 micrometers, 1% bone marrow diff. Cytoplasm-deeply basophilic, relatively small amount, completely surrounding nucleus, no granules. Nucleus-relatively large, round or slightly oval, reddish purple in color, fine chromatin pattern, usually 1-2 nucleoli.
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Basophilic erythroblast morphology
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16-18 micrometers, 1-3% bone marrow diff. cytoplasm-deeply basophilic, no granules. Nuleus-relatively large, round or slightly oval, *chromatin pattern is slightly coarser than in previous stage, *no nucleoli.
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Polychromatophilic erythroblast morphology
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12-15 micrometers, 13-30% bone marrow diff. cytoplasm-*blue-gray to pink-gray due to increase hemoglobin production in the cell, slightly more cytoplasm, lower N/C ratio, no granules. Nucleus-round, smaller nucleus than basophilic stage, *chromatin more condensed, chromatin patter is coarse and clumped. Stains a deep blue-purple
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orthochromic erythroblast morphology
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10-15 micrometers, 1-4% bone marrow diff. Cytoplasm-*pinker, more cytoplasm no granules. Nucleus-*Pyknotic nucleus0no euchromatin/parachromatin, homogeneous blue-black color with no chromatin pattern.
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Reticulocyte morphology
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7-10 micrometers, approximately same size as mature RBC. Cytoplasm-polychromatophilic RBC/early retics-pinkish gray, late retics-salmon pink. Contains RNA, which stains with supravital stain-new methylene blue. NO NUCLEUS
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Mature Red Blood Cell
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7-8 micrometers. Cytoplasm-salmon pink, non-nucleated, round, biconcave cell. Pallor, 1/3 diameter of cell.
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Compare and contrast reticulocyte and mature RBC
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Neither the mature red blood cell nor the reticulocyte has a nucleus. They are approximately the same size, but the reticulocyte may be slightly larger. The mature red blood cell has pallor and biconcave shape, where the reticulocyte does not. The mature cell cannot make hemoglobin. The reticulocyte has RNA.
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Explain the process of release of newly developed erythrocytes from the bone marrow
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They lose their receptors for stromal cells and make their way through the pores in sinuses.
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Define erythron, state its components and significance and explain its regulation.
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The total mass of circulating red blood cells, their precursors, and the tissues that produce them. Stimulated by hypoxia, regulated by erythropoietin
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State the average time period for maturation of red cells in the bone marrow and in the peripheral blood
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The reticulocyte matures in the marrow for 2 days and in the peripheral blood for 1 day.
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State the life span of a mature erythrocyte in the peripheral circulation
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Approximately 100-120 days
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State the major energy source of the mature red cell
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ATP
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State the major metabolic pathway by which the mature red cell generates its energy. What are the beginning and end products of this pathway?
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The glycolytic pathway, which begins with glucose and ATP and ends with lactate and ATP
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. Name and describe the function of three ancillary pathways associated with the major metabolic pathway of the erythrocyte
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Methemoglobin reductase pathway-keeps hemoglobin in reduced state Rapoport-Leubering pathway-produces 2,3-BPG, which helps hemoglobin release O2 in tissues Hexose monophosphate shunt-produces NADPH shunt.
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Describe the principle of the methods for measuring the hemoglobin level and hematocrit
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Hemoglobin: Cyanmethemoglobin method: bood + potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide=cyanomethemoglobin=color change, measured with spectrophotometer Hematocrit: Blood spun down to separate cells and plasma. Cells packed with as small a volume as possible.
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Reference intervals for hemoglobin in peripheral blood.
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Male: 14-17.4 g/dL Female: 12-16 g/dL
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Reference intervals for hematocrit in peripheral blood
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Male: 0.42-0.52 L/L Female: 0.36-0.46 L/L
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Reference intervals for RBC count in peripheral blood
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RBC count Male: 4.5-5.5 x 10^12/L Female: 4.0-5.0 x 10^12/L
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List four functions of hemoglobin
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Carries O2 Carries CO2 Carries Nitric oxide Buffer for blood pH
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List the three basic components of hemoglobin
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4 globin chains, 4 heme molecules, 4 Fe 2+ atoms
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State the number of amino acids in each of the alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin and describe the basic structure of each, including the site at which heme is attached.
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Alpha chains: 141 Beta, gamma, and delta: 146 Heme is attached to Histidine in position 8 in the F segment. Each hemoglobin molecule has 2 pairs of 2 kinds of globin, held together by non-covalent bonds. Unlike chains are closely associated into dimers
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Describe the pathway of heme synthesis, including the names of first and last enzymes, 1 cofactor and the compounds in steps 1, 2 and the last step
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First step: Glycine + succinyl CoA=Delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) Last step: protoporphyrin + iron=heme Enzymes: Delta-aminolevulinic acide synthase (delta ALAS2) and ferrochelatase Coenzyme: pyridoxal phosphate
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Differentiate the steps in heme synthesis that occur in the mitochondria and the cytoplasm.
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The beginning and the end happen in the mitochondria. The middle part happens in the cytoplasm
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The final assembly of hemoglobin depends on what?
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adequate iron supply and delivery to erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow, adequate synthesis of precursors of heme (the porphyrins), adequate globin synthesis.
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State the chromosomes on which the globin genes are located.
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Chromosome 11 and 16
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List in order each of the genes located in the alpha and beta gene clusters.
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Alpha gene cluster chromosome 16: 4 functional alpha genes Beta gene cluster chromosome 11: 2 gamma genes, 1 delta gene, 1 beta gene
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Identify the types of globin chains present in hemoglobins A, A2, and F. Write the formula for each in shorthand notation.
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A-2 alpha, 2 beta A2-2 alpha, 2 delta F-2 alpha, 2 gamma
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Identify embryonic hemoglobins
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Gower I, Gower II, Portland
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Describe the structural differences between oxy and deoxyhemoglobin
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Oxyhemoglobin has O2 attached, deoxyhemoglobin does not have hemoglobin attached.
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List environmental factors that affect O2 affinity of hemoglobin
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Increased CO2, increased temperature, increased H ions (decreased pH)
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Describe the process of oxygen uptake and dissociation and relate them to the dissociation curve of hemoglobin.
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Large quantities of oxygen are released from hemoglobin with small physiologic changes in p02 from the lungs to the tissues.
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Differentiate T and R forms of hemoglobin.
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T-deoxy R-oxy
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Describe the composition of the acquired abnormal hemoglobins: methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and sulfhemoglobin.
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Methemoglobin-iron in the Fe 3+ stage, cannot bind O2 Sulfhemoglobin-heme combines with sulfur so cannot combine with oxygen Carboxyhemoglobin-when exposed to carbon monoxide, CO combines with heme, unable to bind O2, cherry red.
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Discuss the formation of cyanmethemoglobin
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Potassium ferricyanide oxides the hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Cyanide ions from potassium cyanide combine with the methemoglobin.
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State the major site of normal red cell breakdown
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Extravascular in macrophages of the spleen, bone marrow, liver.
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Describe the metabolic changes that occur in red cells as they age.
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Enzymes gradually lose activity, failure of hexose monophosphate pathway/pentose phosphate pathway
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Describe the fate of the different parts of hemoglobin as red cells are broken down by macrophages (extravascular hemolysis).
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Heme-iron stored as ferritin or hemosiderin or transported via transferrin. Protoporphyrin IX broken down. Globin broken down into amino acids and go to storage pool
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Where does intravascular destruction of hemoglobin take place?
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In circulation
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List growth factors needed for granulocyte development and identify their sources in general terms
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IL-3, SCF, CSF-G, CSF-GM
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Myeloblast morphology
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14-20 micrometers in diameter, ~0.9% bone marrow diff, very little cytoplasm, moderate blue, no granules, nucleus-round or slightly oval, occupies most of cell (high N:C) fine chromatin pattern, reddish purple in color, about 2-5 nucleoli
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promyelocyte morphology
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15-21 micrometers, ~3.3% bone marrow diff. More cytoplasm than myeloblast, pale blue, primary, azurphilic (purple staining) granules. Nucleus-occupies half or more of the cell, oval or round shape, fine chromatin, nucleoli visible.
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neutrophilic myelocyte morphology
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12-18 micrometers, ~12.7% bone marrow diff. moderate amount of cytoplasm, specific (secondary) granules stain pinkish, nonspecific granules still visible. Nucleus-oval or round, coarser chromatin pattern, no nucleoli in later forms, last stage capable of mitosis
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Neutrophilic metamyelocyte
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10-18 micrometers in diameter, ~15.9% normal bone marrow diff. cytoplasm moderate to abundant, lots of secondary (pink) granules. Nucleus-indented or kidney-shaped, chromatin pattern is coarse and clumped, no nucleoli.
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Name two types of neutrophil granules. Name significant components of each type of granule.
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Primary granule: lysosome-myeloperoxidase, muramidase, defensins. Secondary granule-lactoferrin
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State the significance of neutrophil (leukocyte) alkaline phosphatase
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Used to differentiate chronic myelocytic leukemia from infection or inflammation
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Name three bone marrow compartments (pools) of granulocyte development. List the stages of development in each compartment
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Stem and progenitor pool Mitotic pool-blast, promyelocyte, myelocyte Post-mitotic pool-maturation and storage compartment-marrow reserve of metamyelocytes, bands and segs
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Name two pools (compartments) of neutrophils in peripheral blood and state the ratio of numbers of cells in each.
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Circulating and marginating pools and there are the same number of neutrophils in each pool.
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State the function of neutrophils
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Fight infections
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Identify the components of the monocyte stem cell compartment
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the bone marrow
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Monocyte morphology
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12-20 micrometers, no nucleoli present, clumped chromatin
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Macrophage morphology
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15-80 micrometers. Nucleus-round, reticular. Cytoplasm-very frayed edges, can have debris in it
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What are the main functions of monocytes and macrophages?
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phagocytosis inhibit growth of intracellular microorganisms attach to tumor cells and kill them by direct cytolytic effect scavengers ingest activated coagulation proteins ingest antigen/antibody complexes remove toxic substances from blood, macrophages in spleen remove old RBCs initiate and regulate immune response secrete interleukin-1 release many other substances.
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Name 6-8 different types of macrophages in the body
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Kupffer cells Microglial cells Langerhans Aveola Spleen macrophages Epitheliod cells Osteoclasts Multinucleated giant cells
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Name the stem cell for the lymphocyte development
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HSC
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Describe the maturation sequences of T and B lymphocytes
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Lymphoblast->pro T->pre T->immunoblast->activated T lymphocyte Lymphoblast->pro B->pre B->mature B->plasmacytoid B->plasma cell
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List the primary lymphoid organs; the secondary lymphoid organs
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Primary-bone marrow and thymus Secondary-lymph nodes, spleen, Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
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List and describe 4 morphologic variations of antigen-dependent lymphocytes.
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Immunoblast Reactive lymphocyte Plasma cell Effector T & B cells
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Reactive lymphocyte morphology
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increased cell size, decreased N:C ratio, increased basophilia, dispersed dense chromatin pattern, but 6 nucleoli may be present, azurophilic granules, vacuolated or foamy cytoplasm
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Plasma cell morphology
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9-20 micrometers, found in bone marrow, nucleus: spoke wheel appearance of chromatin, no nucleoli, eccentric nucleus. Cytoplasm: deep basophilic blue, may have vacuoles, perinuclear area (hof area)
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Identify the stem cell compartment of megakaryocytes.
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Bone marrow
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Briefly state the maturation sequence of megakaryocyte.
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Megakaryoblast->promegakaryocyte->megakaryocyte->metamegakaryocyte
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Identify mast cells.
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Mast cells in bone marrow and tissues, deep purple granules
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List 3 distinguishing characteristics of: a macrophage, a plasma cell, a megakaryocyte. Identify each of these cells.
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Macrophage: Huge. 15-80 micrometers, reticular nucleus, only found in tissues Plasma Cell: 9-20 micrometers, spoke wheel appearance of chromatin, eccentric nucleus, perinuclear area, only found in bone marrow. Megakaryocyte: Largest cell in bone marrow 50-100 micrometers, only found in bone marrow.
