HDFS: Chapter 13 – Flashcards
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Kohlberg's Theory: Stage 1: Preconventional Level: Heteronomous Morality
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Children obey because adults tell them to obey. People base their moral decisions on fear of punishment. Moral thinking is tied to punishment.
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Kohlberg's Theory: Stage 2: Preconventional Level: Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange
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Individuals pursue their own interests but let others do the same. What is right involves equal exchange. They reason that if they are nice to others, others will be nice to them in return.
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Kohlberg's Theory: Stage 3: Conventional Level: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
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Individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgements. Children often adopt their parents' moral reasoning at this stage
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Preconventional Reasoning
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lowest level of moral reasoning, good and bad are interpreted in terms of external rewards and punishments
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Conventional Reasoning
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second level of moral reasoning; individuals apply certain standards, by they are standards set by others, such as parents or government
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Kohlberg's Theory: Stage 4: Conventional Level: Social systems morality
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moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, and duty. For example, adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively it needs to be protected by laws that that are adhered to by its members.
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Postconventional Reasoning
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highest level, individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, decide on a personal moral code
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Kohlberg's Theory: Stage 5: Postconventional Level: Social contract or utility and individual rights
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Individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergrid or transcend the law. A person evaluates the validity of actual laws in terms of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values
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Kohlberg's Theory: Stage 6: Postconventional Level: Universal ethical principles
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person has developed moral judgements that are based on universal human rights. When faced with a dilemma between law and conscience, person reasons that conscience should be followed, despite possible consequences
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Gilligan's care perspective
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view people in terms of connections with others; girls interpret moral dilemmas in terms of human relationships
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Kohlberg's theory has justice perspective
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focus on rights of individual, one stands alone and independently
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Foundation of moral behavior according to Freud
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Foundation of moral behavior is to avoid guilty feelings. Superego--moral branch of personality (two parts) Ego ideal--rewards for acting ideal standards; sense of pride and personal value. Conscience--punishes for disapproved acts, feeling guilty and worthless. Children internalize parents' standards; self-control replaces parental control
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Social conventional reasoning
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Focus on conventional rules created by social consensus to control behavior, maintain society. Arbitrary and subject to individual judgment. EXAMPLE: question about Ruth on exam, dresses a certain way due to social conventions--ANSWER.
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Moral reasoning
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STRESSES ETHICAL ISSUES. Focuses on ethical issues and rules of morality. Obligatory, widely accepted, somewhat impersonal; Distinction--personal domain (issues are personal)
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