HDFS 2400 Ch 1 – Flashcards
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Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator
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Tracks the performance of each person over time
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In a __________ design, investigators study the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages
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Longitudinal
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In a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions.
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Cohort
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Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as
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Resilience
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Professor Gimbly wants to investigate how children of different ages characterize their friendships. Professor Gimbly should use a ______________ research design
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Cross-sectional
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A dependent variable is the
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One the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable.
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According to ___________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.
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Social learning
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Dr. Wiren observes children's responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)
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Naturalistic observation
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Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the _________ perspective.
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Discontinuous
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The information-processing approach views the mind as a
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symbol-manipulating system through which information flows.
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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's intelligence test was originally constructed to
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identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes.
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Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on
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How culture is transmitted to the next generation
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To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, investigators sometimes use
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Sequential designs
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According to Jean Piaget, ___________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.
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equilibrium
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The ethnographic method assumes that ______________ will allow researchers to understand beliefs and behaviors.
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entering into close contact with a social group
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The increasing role of ______________ in the life course adds to the fluid nature of lifespan development.
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nonnormative events
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A(n) _______________ is a number that describes how two measures are associated with each other.
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correlation coefficient
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Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of a
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structured interview
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Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of ____________ in development.
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nurture
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One limitation of longitudinal research is that participants' performance may improve as a result of
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practice efforts
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__________ brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.
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Developmental cognitive neuroscience
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Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the ___________ research method.
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ethnographic
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G. Stanley Hall regarded development as a _____________ process.
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maturational
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Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that
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development is plastic at all ages
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The lifespan perspective on development assumes that
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development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.
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Which of the following is an example of an age-graded influence?
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Frank got his driver's license at age 16.
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Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if
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the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants and special precautions are taken.
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A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can
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examine relationships between early and later behaviors.
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Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is
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moderate and positive
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According to Sigmund Freud, the
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id is the source of basic biological needs and desires.
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________________ weigh the costs of the research to participants in terms of risks versus benefits..
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Institutional review boards
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In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be.
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the type of lessons (music versus acting)
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Which of the following is an example of a nonnormative influence?
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Patty learned to speak Spanish and French in college.
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___ theory views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment.
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Ecological systems
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The ______________ variable is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.
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independent
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In an experiment examining whether phonics instructions in preschool increase a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the
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child's reading level in third grade
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Jackson, a professional baseball player, is convinced that his two sons will both be outstanding athletes. Jackson probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by
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Nature
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Within the ________________ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.
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discontinuous
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In a __________ design, the investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
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cross-sectional
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History-graded influences explain why ___________ tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times.
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cohorts
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One limitation of the ethnographic method is
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investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.
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According to social learning theory, as children grow older they
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become more selective in what they imitate.
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One limitation of debriefing is
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young children often lack the cognitive skills to understand the reasons for deceptive procedures.
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Developmental science is _________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study.
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interdisciplinary
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If a study of people ages 8-40 were studied for their varying effects of depression over time, what research design would this be?
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Longitudinal
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Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are _______ and _________.
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Correlational; experimental
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Which of the following questions would an information-processing theorist ask?
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Are declines in memory during old age evident on all types of tasks or only some?
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A(n) _______________ design permits inferences about cause and effect.
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experimental
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Cause-and-effect inferences can be made in an experimental design because
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the researcher directly controls or manipulates changes in the independent variable.
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Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are
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less likely to commit delinquent or violent acts.
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Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through _____________ observation.
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participant
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____________ interviews do not yield the same depth of information as ___________ interviews.
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Structured; clinical
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A __________ interview is more efficient than a _________ interview because researchers can obtain written responses from an entire group simultaneously.
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structured; clinical
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A major limitation of systematic observation is that it
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tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors
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Developmental science is a field of study devoted to
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understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan
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The field of developmental science is considered to be __________ because investigators often are interested in the practical implications of their research
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applied
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Theories are vital tools for developmental researchers because they
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provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people.
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The ___________ view of development holds that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do
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continuous
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Kim is interested in comparing the language development of shy versus outgoing preschoolers. Kim is most likely interested in ______________ that shape development
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the contexts
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Theorists who point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior emphasize
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stability
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Theorists who believe that change is possible and even likely if new experiences support it emphasize
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plasticity
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The increase in the number of healthier, more active older adults suggests that human development is a
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dynamic system
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In the lifespan perspective, every age period of human development
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has its own agenda and its unique demands and opportunities that yield some similarities in development across many individuals.
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Which of the following is an assumption of the lifespan perspective?
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Development is a joint expression of growth and decline
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Which of the following is a personal characteristic that could offer protection from the damaging effects of early stressful life events?
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musical talent
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Research on resilience shows that
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interventions must attend to both the person and the environment to strengthen a child's capacity while also reducing hazardous experiences.
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As a generation, baby boomers are
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healthier, better educated, and more self-focused than the previous generation.
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Research on the baby boomers showed that starting in the mid-sixties,
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marriage rates declined, age of first marriage rose, and divorce rates increased
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Today, __________ are the largest generation ever to enter middle age.
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the baby boomers
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__________ is concerned with the adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
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Ethology
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Dr. Marx believes that early childhood is a sensitive period for language development. Dr. Marx's belief is consistent with
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Ethology
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A(n) _________ period is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge.
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sensitive
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John Bowlby argued that
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behaviors such as smiling, babbling, and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants.
