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Anterior-

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Situated toward the front of the body

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Posterior-

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Situated at or toward the hind part of the body

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Dorsal-

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Being or located near, on, or toward the back or posterior part of the human body

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Ventral-

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Pertaining to the anterior or front side of the body; opposite of dorsal

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Superficial-

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Of, relating to, or located near the surface

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Deep-

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Away from the body surface; more internal

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Proximal-

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Situated next to or near the point of attachment or origin or a central point

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Distal-

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Situated away from the point of attachment or origin or a central point; located away from the center of the body

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Identity-

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The distinguishing character or personality of an individual

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Superior-

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Situated toward the head and further away from the feet than another and especially another similar part of an upright body especially of a human being

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Inferior-

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Situated below and closer to the feet than another and especially another similar part of an upright body especially of a human being

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Lateral-

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Of or relating to the side; especially of a body part

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Medial-

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Lying or extending in the middle; especially of a body part

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Frontal-

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forehead

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Nasal-

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nose

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Orbital/Ocular-

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eye

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Octic-

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ear

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Buccal-

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cheek

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Cervical-

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neck

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Toracic-

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thorax (chest)

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Mammary-

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breast

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Abdominal-

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abdominal

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Umbilical-

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naval

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Pelvic-

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pelvis

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Manual-

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hand

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Inguinal-

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groin

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Pubic-

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genital

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Femoral-

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thigh

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Pedal-

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foot

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Cranial-

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skull

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Facial-

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face

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Cephalic-

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head

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Oral-

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mouth

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Mental

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chin

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Axillary-

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armpit

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Brachial-

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arm

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Antecubital-

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front of elbow (soft part that bends)

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Antebrachial-

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forearm

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Carpal-

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wrist

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Palmar-

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palm

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Pollex-

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thumb

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Phalangea/Digitall-

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fingers/toes

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Patellar-

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kneecap

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Cural-

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leg (front)

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Tarsal-

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ankle

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Hallux-

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big toe

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Acromial-

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shoulder

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Dorsal-

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back

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Olecranal-

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back of elbow (hard part)

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Lumbar-

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loin

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Gluteal-

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buttock

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Popliteal-

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back of knee (soft part that bends)

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Sural-

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calf (back of leg)

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Calcaneal-

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heel

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Plantar-

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sole of foot

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Series of Biological Stuff

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Cells → Tissue → Organ → Organ System →Body

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Body Systems (11)

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Muscular, Skeletal, Respiratory, Digestive, Cardiovascular, Immune, Endocrine, Urinary, Reproductive, Nervous, Epidermal

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Urinary System

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•Kidneys- filters & makes urine •Ureters- transports urine •Bladder- holds urine •Urethra- releases urine

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Nervous

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•Brain- control center •Spinal Cord- connects all nerves to brain •Peripheral Nerves- carries signals to and from limbs •Sensory Organs- collect sensory information (scent, taste, sight, etc)

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Epethelial

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Skin (protects the body from pathogens)

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Reproductive

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Ovaries (female), Testes (male)

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Immune

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•Thymus- promotes production of White Blood Cells •Tonsils- traps pathogens in the oral cavity •Appendix- stores good bacteria •Spleen- filters blood •Lymph Nodes- filters lymph fluid •Skin- prevents pathogens from entering the body

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Digestive

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•Teeth/Tongue- breaks down and pushes food down the esophagus •Pharynx- food/air tube •Esophagus- food tube •Stomach- breaks down food with gastric acids •Small Intestine- absorbs nutrients •Large Intestine- absorbs water •Rectum- holds fecal matter •Anus- expels fecal matter •Gall Bladder- stores bile, releases into small intestine •Liver- makes bile for the small intestine

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Respiratory

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•Nasal Cavity- opening to the outside •Pharynx-air/food tube •Larynx- voice box •Trachea- air tube •Epiglottis- prevents food from entering the trachea •Bronchi- branch into lungs •Alveoli- site of gas exchange in blood

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Cardiovascular

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•Atrium- receive blood returning to the heart •Ventricles- pumps blood out to the body •Arteries- carry blood away from the heart •Arterioles- smaller arteries •Veins-bring blood to and from heart, all around the body •Venules- smaller veins •Capillaries- hair like sites of blood exchange with tissue

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Endocrine

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•Hypothalamus- secretes hormones that make all the other glands do their jobs •Pituitary- controls growth •Pineal Gland- sleep/wake cycle •Adrenal Gland- fight-flight adrenalin •Thymus- develops the immune system •Testes/ Ovaries- sex hormones •Thyroid- metabolic hormones •Pancreas- insulin

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Body Tissues

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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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Epithelial

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oForms the linings, coverings, and glandular tissue of the body, protects underlying structures, act as barriers, passage and excretion of substances Consists of layers of cells (one kind of cells inside & a different kind outside) Cells are packed tightly together to form continuous sheets

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Connective

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oProtects, supports, and binds together other body tissues Made up of different types of cells in varying amounts of a nonliving substance around these cells called the matrix. This allows it to fill spaces of various shapes/sizes

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Examples of Connective Tissue

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•Bone (spongy and compact) •Cartilage- lines bones, vertebral discs, and ends of ribs •Adipose- fat •Blood- liquid matrix •Loose- fills spaces, attaches skin to tissue •Dense- tendons, ligaments, vocal chords, arteries

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Muscle

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oSpecialized to contract and cause movement and generate heat. Skeletal muscle- long, cylindrical, striated, multi-nuclei Cardiac muscle- short, branched, striated, one-nuclei Smooth muscle- short, spindle shaped, non-striated, central nuclei

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Nervous

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oComposed of neurons that receive and send electrical signals in the body Respond to stimuli and transmits impulses and together with supporting cells make up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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Skeletal System Functions

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1.Support a.Bone- bears weight and is the supporting tissue of the body. b.Cartilage- provides firm and flexible support (ears, nose, and trachea). c.Ligaments- fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together. 2.Protection a.Protects underlying organs (like yo ribs) 3.Movement a.Tendons attach muscles to bones and move them 4.Storage a.Some minerals in the blood are taken into bone and stored. Fat is also stored in bone cavities, which also provide great shock absorption. 5.Blood Cell Production a.Bone marrow inside bone gives rise to blood cells and platelets.

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Axial Skeleton

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Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage, Sternum

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Skull

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o2 Parietal bones - big ones on the upper sides of the head o2 Temporal bones - sides of head o1 Frontal bone- forehead o1 Occipital bone- back of the head oSphenoid bone- in front of the temporal bones (butterfly shaped) oZygomatic bone- cheekbones. oMaxilla- Upper jaw with teeth oMandible- lower jaw with teeth

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Vertebral Column (5 regions)

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7 Cervical vertebrae 12 Thoracic vertebrae 5 Lumbar vertebrae 1 Sacral/sacrum bone 1 Coccyx

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Thoracic Cage

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oRibs (24, 12 pairs) 7 True Ribs •Attach directly to the sternum •The first 4 have their own independent connections 3 False Ribs •Attach indirectly to the cartilage 2 Floating Ribs (also false, but they're special) •Do not attach to the sternum

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Sternum (3 fused bones)

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Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process

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Appendicular Skeleton

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Upper and Lower Limbs, Girdles

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Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle (4 bones)

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o2 scapula (shoulder blades)- flat triangular shape The point of the blade is the acromion process; where the clavicle articulates o2 clavicles (collar bones) These attach to the sternum- the only connection of the scapula to the skeleton.

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Upper Limbs

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oArm Humerus •The olecranon process is the elbow point oForearm (2 bones) Radius (on the thumb side!!!) it is the one that rotates Ulna (on the pinky side!!!)

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Wrist

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8 carpal bones

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Hand

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5 metacarpals & 5 phalanges

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Pelvic Girdle

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Coxae (hip bones), sacrum

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Coxae (3 bones fused together)

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Ilium Ishium Pubis

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Thigh

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Femur

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Tibia

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bigger one on the FRONT

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Fibula

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smaller one in the BACK

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Ankle

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7 Tarsals

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Foot

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5 metatarsals and 5 phalanges

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Forensic Anthropology of Sex

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•Determined by skull or pelvis oFemale- Skull: round eye sockets, v-shaped mandible, smoother frontal bone Pelvis: rounded pelvis, wider pubic arch oMale Skull: square eye sockets, u-shaped mandible, pronounced frontal bone, heart shaped pelvis, angled-in coccyx

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Forensic Anthropology of Race

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•Determined best by skull oCaucasoid More "surprised" eye sockets, forehead aligns with nose and chin in a straight line oNegroid More square eye sockets, forehead more pronounced, mandible more pronounced oMongoloid More rectangular eye sockets, nose is more vertical, chin is receding

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Forensic Anthropology of Age

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•Determined by Humerus or Femur or Tibia oCheck for fused bones

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Forensic Anthropology of Height

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•Determined best by Femur oLength

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid

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DNA is composed of:

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Nucleic Acids, Deoxyribose, Phosphate Backbone

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Nucleotides

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Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytocine A to T and C to G

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Polymorphism

answer

for every 1,000 nucleotides inherited; there is one site of variation

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Restriction Enzyme

answer

Restriction Endonucleases

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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms

answer

specific fragments of DNA cut by restriction enzymes. They are PALINDROMIC

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Nomenclature of Restriction Enzymes

answer

oFirst Italicized letter is the GENUS oSecond and third italicized letters are the SPECIES oAdditional letter indicates the STRAIN oRoman numerals denote the SEQUENCE that they've been isolated at

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Gel Electrophoresis

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•used to identify the different fragment sizes and the patterns they generate •DNA is negatively charged so it moves towards the positive side •Larger fragments travels less distance than smaller fragments (rock vs. pebble)

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Facial Muscles

answer

Occipitofrontalis- Raises eyebrows Orbicularis oculi- Closes eye Orbicularis oris- Purses lips Zygomaticus minor/major- Elevates & retracts lip and mouth Buccinator- Compresses cheeks Depressor anguli oris- Depress corner of mouth

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