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diversity

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a tension between the global and local

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globalization

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the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging economic, political, and cultural activities

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geography

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curiosity about the world around you

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areal differentiation

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the geographic description and explanation of spatial differences on Earth's surface; this includes physical as well as human patterns; "pertaining to area"

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areal integration

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The study of how places interact with one another

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economic convergence

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the notion that globalization will result in the world's poorer countries gradually catching up with more advanced economies

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bubble economy

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A highly inflated economy that cannot be sustained. Bubble economies usually result from rapid influx of international capital into a developing country.

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hybridization

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geographically, when two cultures combine to create a new hybrid of culture

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thematic/systematic geography

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focusing on a specific topic or theme

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regional geography

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analyzing a place or region

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physical geography

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examines climate, landforms, soils, vegetation, and hydrology

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human geography

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concentrates on the spatial analysis of economic, social, and cultural systems

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regions

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the organization of information about the world by compressing it into units of spatial similarity

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formal regions

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defined by some aspect of physical form, such as a mountain range

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functional region

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a region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it

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vernacular regions

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defined solely in people's minds as spatial stereotypes that have no visible boundaries in the physical landscape

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cultural landscape

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the visible, material expression of human settlement, past and present

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absolute location

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aka mathematical location; the numerical location of the longitude and latitude

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Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

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a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

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parallels

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lines of latitude; they circle the mathematical globe in an east-west direction and measure location north or south of the Equator, which is 0 degrees

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meridians

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lines of longitude; they run north-south from pole to pole and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0 degrees) located near London, England

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prime meridan

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0 degrees longitude, from which locations east and west are measured in a system of latitude and longitude; currently, the most used Prime Meridian is that established in 1851 at the Naval Observatory in Greenwich, England

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map scale

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the relationship between distances on a mapped object such as Earth and depiction of that space on a map; large scale maps cover small areas in great detail, whereas small scale maps depict less detail but over large areas

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representative fraction

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the cartographic and mathematical expression of the relationship between distance on a map and that on Earth's surface, which is expressed as a fraction depicting the scale of the map

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graphic scale

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aka linear scale; a ruler-like symbol on a map that translates the map's cartographic scale into visual terms

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choropleth map

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a thematic map in which areas are colored or shaded to depict differences in whatever is being mapped

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remote sensing

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a method of digitally photographing Earth's surface from satellites or high altitude aircraft so that the information captured can be manipulated by computers to translate information into certain electromagnetic bandwidths, which, in turn, emphasizes certain features and patterns on Earth's surface

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geographic information system (GIS)

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a computerized mapping and information system that analyzes vast amounts of data that may include many layers of specific kinds of information, such as microclimates, hydrology, vegetation, or land-use zoning regulations

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rate of natural increase (RNI)

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the standard statistic used to express natural population growth per year for a country, a region, or the world, based on the difference between birthrates and death rates; it does not consider population change based on migration

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crude birthrate

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the number of live births per thousand in a population in a given year

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crude deathrate

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the number of deaths per thousand in a population in a given year

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total fertility rate (TFR)

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the average number of children who will be born by women of a hypothetical, yet statistically valid, population, such as that of a specific cultural group or within a particular country

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population pyramid

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the structure of a population measuring the percentage of young and old, presented graphically as a pyramid-shaped graph; this graph plots the percentage of all different age groups along a vertical axis that divides the population into male and female

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life expectancy

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a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

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demographic transition model

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a five-stage model of population change derived from the historical decline of the natural rate of increase as a population becomes increasingly urbanized through industrialization and economic development

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net migration rate

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a statistic that depicts whether more people are entering or leaving a country

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population density

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the population of an area as measured by people per spatial unit, usually people per square mile or square kilometer

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urbanized population

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the percentage of a country's population living in settlements characterized as cities; usually, high rates of urbanization are associated with higher levels of industrialization and economic development, since these activities are usually found in and around cities

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cultural imperialism

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the active promotion of one's cultural system over another, such as the implantation of a new language, school system, or bureaucracy

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culture

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learned and shared behavior by a group of people that gives them a distinct "way of life"

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cultural nationalism

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a process of protecting, either formally (with laws) or informally (with social values), the primacy of a certain cultural system against influences from another culture

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cultural syncretism or hybridization

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the blending of two or more cultures, which produces a synergistic third culture that exhibits traits from all cultural parents; also called cultural hybridization

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gender

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the social and cultural expressions of male-and femaleness, which contrasts with sex, which is the biological distinction between male and female

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gender roles

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how female and male behavior differs in a specific cultural context

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lingua franca

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an agreed-upon common language to facilitate communication on specific topics such as international business, politics, sports, or entertainment

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universalizing religion

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a religion, usually with an active missionary program, that appeals to a large group of people, regardless of local culture and conditions; this contrasts with ethnic religions

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ethnic religion

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a religion closely identified with a specific ethnic or tribal group, often to the point of assuming the role of the major defining characteristic of that group

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Shi'a Islam

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the second largest denomination of Islam, whose adherents are called Shi'ites or Shias

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Sunni Islam

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the major denomination of Islam, with its adherents comprising from 75 to 90 percent of the world's Muslims

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secularism

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the term describes both the separation of politics and religion, as well as the non-religious segment of a population

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geopolitics

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the relationship between politics and space and territory

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nation-state

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a relatively homogeneous cultural group (a nation) with its own political territory (the state)

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colonialism

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formal established (mainly historical) rule over local peoples by a larger imperialist government for the expansion of political and economic empire

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decolonialization

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the process of a former colony's gaining (or regaining) independence over its territory and establishing (or reestablishing) an independent government

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neocolonialism

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economic and political strategies by which powerful states indirectly (and sometimes directly) extend their influence over other, weaker states

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insurgency

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a political rebellion or uprising

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terrorism

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the systematic use of terror to achieve political or cultural goals

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counterinsurgency

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the suppression of a rebellion or insurgency by both military and political means, which includes not just armed warfare, but also winning the support of local peoples by improving local infrastructure

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core-periphery model

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a conceptualization of the world into two economic spheres; the developed countries of western Europe, North America, and Japan form the dominant core, with less-developed countries making up the periphery; implicit in this model is that the core gained its wealth at the expense of peripheral countries

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gross domestic product (GDP)

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the total value of goods and services produced within a given country in a single year

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gross national income (GNI)

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the value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders (gross domestic product) plus the net income from abroad (formerly referred to as the gross national product)

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purchasing power parity (PPP)

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an important qualification to these GNI per capita data is the concept of adjustment through PPP, an adjustment that takes into account the strength or weakness of local currencies

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gross national income (GNI) per capita

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the figure that results from dividing a country's GNI by the total population

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gender equity

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a social condition, state, or goal of complete parity and equality between males and females

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human development index (HDI)

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combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equity, and income

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