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Group process

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pertains to the dynamics such as the norms that govern a group, the level of cohesion in a group, how trust is generated, how conflict emerges and is addressed, the forces that bring about healing, intermember reactions, and the various stages in the life of a group

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Group techniques

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refers to a leader's explicit and directive request of a member for the purpose of focusing on material, augmenting or exaggerating affect, practicing behavior, or solidifying insight.

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Integrative approach

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involves the process of selecting concepts and methods from various theoretical approaches

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Technical eclecticism

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refers to selecting techniques from various theoretical approaches without necessarily subscribing to the particular orientation.

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Theoretical integration

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pertains to a conceptual or theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques.

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Cognitive domain

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pertains to the thinking or thought processes of group members.

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Affective domain

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focuses on the feelings of group members

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Behavioral domain

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focuses on the action and doing component as being central to the change process.

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Therapeutic group

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is a general term that refers to groups with the purposes of increasing members' knowledge of themselves and others, clarifying the changes them want to make in their lives, and providing them with tools needed to make these changes.

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Task groups

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also known as task facilitation groups, focus on the application of group dynamics principles and processes to improve practice and foster accomplishment of identified work goals.

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Psychoeducation groups

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focus on developing members' cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills through a structured set of procedures within and across group meetings.

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Structured groups

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focus on a particular theme and are often psychoeducational in nature.

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Counseling groups

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focus on interpersonal process and problem-solving strategies that stress conscious thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

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Psychotherapy groups

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have the purpose of assisting members remediate psychological problems

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Brief group therapy (BGT)

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generally refers to groups that are time limited, structured and last 2 to 3 months, and consist of 8 to 12 weekly meetings.

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Culture

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encompasses the values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people. Broadly defined, culture takes into consideration demographic variables (age, gender, and residence), status variables (social, educational, and economic), and affiliations (formal and informal).

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Active listening

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involves hearing and understanding both subtle and direct messages, and communicating this to a group member.

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Reflecting

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involves capturing the underlying meaning of what is said or felt and expressing this without being mechanical.

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Clarifying

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entails focusing on the underlying issues and assisting others to get a clearer picture of what they are thinking or feeling.

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Summarizing

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involves identifying key elements and common themes and providing a picture of the directional trends of a group session.

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Facilitating

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involves helping members to express themselves clearly and to take action in a group.

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Empathizing

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consists of adopting the internal frame of reference of a member.

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Interpreting

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is explaining the meaning of behavior patterns within some theoretical framework.

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Questioning

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aims at stimulating thought and action but avoiding question/answer patterns of interaction between leader and member.

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Linking

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is a technique aimed at promoting member-to-member interaction and facilitating exploration of common themes in a group.

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Confronting

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involves challenging members to look at some aspects of their behavior.

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Supporting

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consists of offering some form of positive reinforcement at appropriate times in such a way that it has a facilitating effect.

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Blocking

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is an intervention aimed at stopping counterproductive behaviors in a group or to protect members.

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Assessing

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is a set of skills that includes the ability to appraise certain behavior problems and to choose the appropriate intervention.

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Modeling

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involves demonstrating to members desired behaviors that can be practiced both during and between group sessions

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Suggesting

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consists of offering information or possibilities for action that can be used by members in making independent decisions.

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Initiating

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is demonstrating an active stance in intervening in a group at appropriate times.

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Evaluating

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is appraising the ongoing group process and the individual and group dynamics

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Terminating

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is a skill of ending work with individuals and groups.

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Ethical issues

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pertain to standards that govern the conduct of professional members.

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Legal issues

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define the minimum standards society will tolerate, which are enforced by rule of law at the local, state, or national level.

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Clinical issues

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involve using your professional judgment to act in accordance with ethical and legal mandates.

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Informed consent

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involves providing members with a disclosure statement that describes information about a group.

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Involuntary membership

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entails members being required to attend a group

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Group norms

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refer to the expectations that govern behavior within a group.

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Cultural norms

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refer to differences among various cultural groups and the values influencing behavior.

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Competence

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refers to a group leader's skills and knowledge required to effectively facilitate a group.

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Negligence

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consists of departing from the standard of care that results in injury to the client.

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Privileged communication

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is a legal concept that generally bars the disclosure of confidential communications in a legal proceeding.

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Pregroup stage

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consists of all the factors involved in the formation of a group, such as screening, selection, and orientation of members

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Pregroup meeting

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is a preliminary session that provides members with more information to help them decide if they are willing to commit themselves to a group experience. A pregroup session is a time for orientation of group members.

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Open groups

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are those that are characterized by changing membership.

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Closed groups

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are composed of the same group members for the lifetime of a group, which is usually time-limited.

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Screening

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involves interviewing potential group members to determine if they are likely to benefit from a particular group experience.

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Initial stage of a group

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is the period characterized by an orientation to how the group works, getting acquainted, establishing trust, and defining personal goals.

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Hidden agenda

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is an issue that is not openly acknowledged and discussed, which can result in bogging down a group.

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Modeling

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refers to specific behaviors that either group members or the group leader displays in a group session as a way to demonstrate a behavioral style.

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Empathy

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refers to the act of perceiving the internal frame of reference of another, of grasping a person's subjective world, without losing one's own identity.

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Genuineness

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implies congruence between a person's inner experience and she he or she projects externally.

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Caring confrontation

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involves a timely challenge to invite members to look at aspects of themselves that they have been avoiding.

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Contracts

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are a way to help members assume an active and responsible stance; a contract is a statement by participants of what problems they want to explore and what behaviors they are willing to change.

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Group process

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includes activities such as establishing norms and group cohesion, learning to work cooperatively, establishing ways of solving problems, and learning to express conflict openly.

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Group norms

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are the shared beliefs about expected behaviors aimed at making groups function effectively.

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Explicit norms

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are clearly and directly stated norms

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Implicit norms

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are unspoken ones that can have an effect on shaping the members' responses and behaviors.

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Group cohesion

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is a sense of togetherness, or community, within a group.

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Homework

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consists of assignments of behaviors that members can practice both in and out of the group.

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Division of responsibility

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pertains to the balance of responsibility for the direction of a group between members and the leader.

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Structuring

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pertains to the leader's interventions in providing direction or guidance.

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The transition stage

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is characterized by anxiety, defensiveness, resistance, a range of control issues, intermember conflicts, challenges to or conflicts with the leader, and various patterns of problem behaviors.

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Resistance

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can be viewed as the individual's reluctance to bring into conscious awareness threatening material that has been previously repressed or denied.

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Practitioner resistance

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is a therapeutic impasse resulting from the therapist's failure to listen to and understand group members.

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Gestalt therapy

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is an existential-phenomenological approach based on the premise that individuals must be understood in the context of their ongoing relationship with the environment.

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Solution-focused brief therapy

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provides a context whereby individuals focus on recovering and creating solutions rather than talking about their problems.

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Narrative therapy

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encourages group members to view their life stories from different perspectives. Grounded in a philosophical framework, narrative practices assist members in finding new meanings and new possibilities in their lives.

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Transference

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refers to the group member's unconscious shifting to the group leader or to another member of feelings, both positive and negative, that are displacements from reactions to significant others from a member's past. A group context has the potential for multiple transferences.

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Countertransference

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refers to the group leader's unconscious emotional responses to a group member that are likely to interfere with objectivity; unresolved conflicts of the group leader that are projected onto a group member.

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Working stage

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is the period in a group characterized by an increased commitment of members to deal with significant problems they bring to the sessions and a more in-depth self-exploration. There is an increased of action-oriented behaviors such as self-disclosure, giving and receiving feedback, and discussion of here-and-now interactions.

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Therapeutic factors

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are the dynamics within a group that play a key role in producing constructive changes.

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Feedback

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is information that is shared within a group with emphasis on how members are being perceived. Interpersonal feedback occurs when group members of leaders share their observations and personal reactions regarding the behavior or feelings of another.

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Universality

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allows members to see commonalities in the shared personal concerns expressed by members; themes emerge within a group that leads members to appreciate a range of basic human concerns.

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Identification

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is the process by which a member can relate to the concerns of others.

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Hope

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is a therapeutic factor in a group that leads to the realization that change is possible.

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Caring

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is the therapeutic factor in a group that is best demonstrated by listening and involvement and by staying present with others.

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Catharsis

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is a therapeutic factor that involves the expression of feelings that have been denied expression; these feelings can be released verbally or physically.

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Final stage

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is a time in a group for members to consolidate their learning and developing ways for transferring what they learned in the group to daily life.

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Unfinished business

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refers to encouraging members to express and work through personal concerns or reactions to others prior to the final meeting of a group.

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Contracts

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during the final stage of a group outline specific steps members agree to take to increase their chances of successfully meeting their goals when the group ends.

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Postgroup meetings

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consist of a follow-up sessions scheduled sometime after the termination of a group as an evaluative approach and a measure of accountability

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