Gram negative Bacteria – Flashcards

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Gram -, bacillus enterics, coliforms
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  • Facultative anaerobes
  • lactose fermentation positive
  • Escheria Coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Enterobactor
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Escheria coli
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  • many strains identified by O, H, K antigens
  • increase permeability of the intestine wall
  • gastroenteritis, meningitis, UTIs
  • has enterotoxins
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Klebsiella
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  • non motile
  • capsulated
  • produces beta lactamase
  • treat with cephalosporins and amino glycosides
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Serratia marcescens
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  • motile
  • normal flora of the mouth, introcued during dental procedure
  • resistant to antimicrobials
  • red in color at room temperature
  • treat with cephalosporins and cefotasime
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Gram - , bacillus aerobes
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  • Bordella pertussis
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Legionella pneumophila
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Moraxella catarrhalis
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  • ubiquitous
  • Opportunistic in the lungs, sinuses, and ears
  • treat with most antimicrobials except beta lactams
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Legionella pneumophila
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  • grows in still water then becomes airborne
  • affects mostly older men
  • must use selecive charcoal yeast extract
  • treat with fluoroquinalone + azithromycin
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Bordella Pertussis
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  • whooping cough
  • nonmotile
  • pertussis toxin/ adenylate cyclase toxin increase mucus production
  • dermonecretic toxin constricts and hemorrhages vessels
  • tracheal cytotoxin paralyzes cilia
  • not a true treatment
  • prevention in Tdap vaccine
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

 

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  • ubiquitous
  • flagella and biofilm formation
  • neuraminadase helps with adherence
  • exotoxin A/ enzyme S inhibit protein synthesis
  • common in immunocomprimmised
  • can pump penicillin out
  • fruity smell
  • no lacctose fermentation, catalase +, oxidase +
  • need combination of antimocrobials
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Gram - , bacillus enterics, non coliforms
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  • lactose fermentation negative
  • facultative anaerobes
  • proteus
  • morganells
  • providencia
  • edwardsiells
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edwardsiella
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  • UTI
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proteus
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  • antimicrobial resistant
  • UTI
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morganella
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  • UTI
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providencia
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  • becoming more resistant
  • UTI
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Gram -, bacillus enterics, true pathogens
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  • lactose fermentation negative
  • facultative anaerobe
  • salmonella enterica
  • salmonella typhi
  • shigella
  • yersenia pestis
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yersenia pestis
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  • need reservoir or amplifying host
  • bubonic plague has bubose and can have necrosis because of C. perfringes
    can lead to baceremia and disseminates intravascular coagulation (DIC)
  • pneumonic plague is more deadly and creates pulmonary distress
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Salmonella enterica

 

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  • many strains
  • found on eggs
  • ID50 > 1,000,000
  • produces H2S and turns HE agar dark color
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Salmonella typhi
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  • part of salmonella enterica
  • ID50 = 1,000- 10,000
  • fecal/ oral spread
  • causes ulcerations of theintestines
  • causes typhoid fever
  • treat with ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and remove gall bladder (causes reinfection)
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Shigella
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  • sinilar to salmonella
  • non motile
  • oxidative -
  • does not produce H2S
  • ID50- 200
  • shiga toxin stops protein synthesis
  • treat with sulfanomides and penicillin
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Gram - , cocci
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  • diplococci
  • oxidase positive
  • aerobic
  • Lipid A endotoxin
  • neisseria gonorrhea
  • neisseria meningitidis
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Neisseria gonorrhea
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  • most common in younger generation (women mostly)
  • has fimbriae
  • survives in neutrophils
  • can cause epididymitis and pelvic inflammatory disease
  • eye drops with erythromycin given to newborns
  • many strains, treat with cephalosporin
  • prevention by education
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Neisseria meningitidis
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  • normal flora of upper respiratory tract
  • infects children and young adult
  • has adhesins and fimbriae
  • very deadly
  • sudden fever, sore throat, headache, stiff neck, vomitting and convulsions
  • causes septicemia
  • treat with IV ceftriaxon
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Obligate intracellular
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  • die quickly without host because they are too small
  • rickettsia rickettsii
  • rickettsia prowazekii
  • rickettsia typhi
  • chlamydia trachomatis
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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  • vectors are ticks
  • causes rocky mountain fever
  • note worthy symptoms are rash starting on hands and feet
  • associated with outside activity
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Rickettsia prowasekii
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  • vector is lice
  • excreted in feces/body fluid of lice
  • high fevers that cause hallucinations
  • rash starts on trunk then spreads
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rickettsia typhi
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  • murine/ mexican typhis
  • vector is fleas
  • rash on trunk
  • not very virulent
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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  • transmitted by sexual contact
  • can cause trachoma (ocular disease)
  • lacks cell wall which allows for intracellular division
  • reticulate body- multiplies
  • elementary body - infective
  • breaks down tissue and creates hyoersensitive reaction
  • test urine sample
  • treat with erythromycin and tetracycline but reinfection is likely
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Spirochetes
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  • treponema pallidum
  • borrelia burgdorferi
  • borrelia hermsii
  • borrelia recurrentis
  • leptospira interrogans
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Treponema pallidum
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  • endoflagella allows corkscrew effect
  • sexually transmitted
  • "great imitator"
  • primary syphillis- fors chancres
  • secondary- causes rash and other symptoms
  • tertiary- gummas (tumor like growths)
  • treatment is penicillin
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Borrelia burgdoferi
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  • lyme disease
  • vector is deer tick
  • causes bulls eye rash
  • stage 3 is caused by autoimmune response
  • prevention is DEET
  • treat with penicillin
  • only nymph and adult stage infect
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borrelia hermsii
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  • vectors are deer ticks
  • most common cause of relapsing fever
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borrelia recurrentis
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  • vector is louse
  • epidimic of relapse fever
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leptospira interrogans


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  • hook appearance
  • grows in kidneys and released in urine
  • does not stain well, antibody test is best
  • seasonal disease
  • treat with penicillin
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Vibrio, bacillus

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  • O polysacchrides antigens
  • polar flagella
  • vibious cholera
  • campylobacter jejuni
  • helicobacter pylori
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vibrio cholera
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  • contaminated food
  • can survive in fresh water
  • rice water stool (white flecked diarrhea)
  • fluid loss can be up to 1 L in 1 hour
  • treat with doxycycline
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campylobacter jejuni
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  • causes gastroenteritis
  • need charcoal based agar to test
  • causes Guillain Barre syndrome which paralyzes ground to brain
  • causes bloody stool
  • supportive care needed
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Helicobacter pylori
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  • burrows into stomach
  • erodes lining causing ulcers
  • breath test used
  • urea containung radioactive carbon substance ingested> urea broken down by bacteria> carbon released> absorbed by blood> taken to lungs> breathed out
  • produces urease
  • treat with metronidazole+tetracycline+ anti diarrheal/acid reducers
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